MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides, have been exploited in 3D bioprinting owing to their outstanding properties such as a large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and biodegradability.

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Bioprinting is an emerging powerful fabrication method, which enables the rapid assembly of 3D bioconstructs with dispensing cell-laden bioinks in pre-designed locations.

1. Plants show ontogenetic variation in growth-defence strategies to maximize reproductive output within a community context. Most work on plant ontogenetic variation in growth-defence trade-offs has focussed on interactions with antagonistic insect herbivores. Plants respond to herbivore attack with phenotypic changes. Despite the knowledge that plant responses to herbivory affect plant mutualistic interactions with pollinators required for reproduction, indirect interactions between herbivores and pollinators have not been included in the evaluation of how ontogenetic growth-defence trajectories affect plant fitness. 2. In a common garden experiment with the annual Brassica nigra, we investigated whether exposure to various herbivore species on different plant ontogenetic stages (vegetative, bud or flowering stage) affects plant flowering traits, interactions with flower visitors and results in fitness consequences for the plant. 3. Effects of herbivory on flowering plant traits and interactions with flower visitors depended on plant ontogeny. Plant exposure in the vegetative stage to the caterpillar Pieris brassicae and aphid Brevicoryne brassicae led to reduced flowering time and flower production, and resulted in reduced pollinator attraction, pollen beetle colonization, total seed production and seed weight. When plants had buds, infestation by most herbivore species tested reduced flower production and pollen beetle colonization. Pollinator attraction was either increased or reduced. Plants infested in the flowering stage with P. brassicae or Lipaphis erysimi flowered longer, while infestation by any of the herbivore species tested increased the number of flower visits by pollinators. 4. Our results show that the outcome of herbivore-flower visitor interactions in B. nigra is specific for the combination of herbivore species and plant ontogenetic stage. Consequences of herbivory for flowering traits and reproductive output were strongest when plants were attacked early in life. Such differences in selection pressures imposed by herbivores to specific plant ontogenetic stages may drive the evolution of distinct ontogenetic trajectories in growth-defence-reproduction strategies and include indirect interactions between herbivores and flower visitors.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Additional supporting information may be found online in theSupporting Information section. How to cite this article: Rusman Q, Lucas-Barbosa D, Hassan K, Poelman EH. Plant ontogeny determines strength and associated plant fitness consequences of plant-mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors. J Ecol.

The coexistence of multiple toxic water pollutants (heavy metals, organic dyes, oils, and organic solvents) limits the sustainable supply of clean water worldwide and urges the development of advanced water purification technology that can remove these contaminants simultaneously. Since its discovery, graphene‐based materials have gained substantial attention toward development of new‐generation sorbents for water purification. Despite several recently published reviews on water purification technology using graphene and its derivatives, there is still a gap in the review considering multiple water‐pollutant remediation using advanced graphene materials. In this review, in the first instance, a comparative structure–function–performance relationship between graphene‐based sorbents and the multipollutants in water is established. A fundamental correlation is made between the sorption performance for diverse pollutants in water with the more specific adsorption properties (surface area, pore size, type of functional groups, C/O, C/N, and C/S atomic ratio) of advanced graphene sorbents. Second, the underlying interaction mechanisms are uncovered between different classes of water pollutants using single graphene‐based sorbents. Third, the rational design of advanced multipollutant sorbents based on graphene is elaborated. The reality, challenges, and opportunities of advanced graphene materials as emerging sorbents for sustainable water purification technology are finally presented in the last section.

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Manganese oxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) nanomaterials have promising potential to be used as supercapacitor electrode materials due to its high energy storage performance and environmental compatibility. Besides, every year huge volume of waste batteries including Zn-C battery ends up in landfill, which aggravates the burden of waste disposal in landfill and creates environmental and health threat. Thus, transformation of waste battery back into energy application, is of great significance for sustainable strategies. Compared with complex chemical routes which mostly apply toxic acids to recover materials from Zn-C battery, this study establishes the recovery of Mn 3 O 4 particles via thermal route within 900 °C under controlled atmosphere. Synthesized Mn 3 O 4 were confirmed by XRD, EDS, FTIR, XPS and Raman analysis and FESEM micrographs confirmed the coexistence of spherical and cubic Mn 3 O 4 particles. Mn 3 O 4 electrode derived from waste Zn-C battery demonstrate compatible electrochemical performance with standard materials and conventional synthesis techniques. Mn 3 O 4 electrode exhibited highest capacitance value of 125 Fg −1 at 5 mVs −1 scan rate. The stability of the electrode showed good retention in discharge and charge capacity by about 80% after 2100 cycles. This study demonstrates that waste Zn-C battery can be further utilized for energy storage application, providing sustainable and economic benefits.