Unlocking thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the fight against “Fake graphene” materials

Farivar, Farzaneh; Yap, Pei Lay; Hassan, Kamrul; Tùng, Trần Thanh; Tran, Diana; Pollard, Andrew J.; Lošić, Dušan

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.04.064

Cited by 106 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…To further obtain the baseline properties of graphene materials in this work, their structural and chemical characterizations were performed using a broad range of characterization methods including TEM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, AFM, XRD, and PSD, which results are summarized in Figure S2 and Table S1 (Supporting Information). These results confirmed the typical properties of high-quality graphene (FLG), rGO, and GO as expected for these materials compared to the literature and our previous work. − ,, More details and description of their properties are provided in the Supporting Information.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Accounting Carbonaceous Counterfeits in Graphene Materials Using the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Approach

et al. 2021

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Counterfeits in the supply chain of high-value advanced materials such as graphene and their derivatives have become a concerning problem with a potential negative impact on this growing and emerging industry. Recent studies have revealed alarming facts that a large percentage of manufactured graphene materials on market are not graphene, raising considerable concerns for the end users. The common and recommended methods for the characterization of graphene materials, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy based on spot analysis and probing properties of individual graphene particles, are limited to provide the determination of the properties of "bulk" graphene powders at a large scale and the identification of non-graphene components or purposely included additives. These limitations are creating counterfeit opportunities by adding low-cost black carbonaceous materials into manufactured graphene powders. To address this problem, it is critical to have reliable characterization methods, which can probe the specific properties of graphene powders at bulk scale, confirm their typical graphene signature, and detect the presence of unwanted additional compounds, where the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method is one of the most promising methods to perform this challenging task. This paper presents the evaluation of the TGA method and its ability to detect low-cost carbon additives such as graphite, carbon black, biochar, and activated carbon as potential counterfeiting materials to graphene materials and their derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO. The superior performance of the TGA method is demonstrated here, showing its excellent capability to successfully detect these additives when mixed with graphene materials, which is not possible by two other comparative methods (Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)), which are used as the common characterization methods for graphene materials.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Accounting Carbonaceous Counterfeits in Graphene Materials Using the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Approach

et al. 2021

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“…Oxygen groups decorating the faces are likely to migrate towards the reactive edges of disintegrating GO, where they survive as carboxyl and carbonyl groups up to 500 − 700°C [55,58]. This finding is consistent with results of thermogravimetric analyses of GO samples, which were prepared by various methods [58] and displayed no weight loss above 600°C [57,59]. Analysis of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data of GO heated to different temperatures has revealed that epoxide groups disappear above 400°C, whereas hydroxyl groups remain present up to 1, 000°C [60].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Thermal decomposition of hydrated graphite oxide: A computational study

Kyrylchuk¹,

Surabhi²,

Tománek³

2022

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We study the behavior of hydrated graphite oxide (GO) at high temperatures using thermally accelerated molecular dynamics simulations based on ab initio density functional theory. Our results suggest that GO, a viable candidate for water treatment and desalination membranes, is more heat resilient than currently used organic materials. The system we consider to represent important aspects of thermal processes in highly disordered GO is a hydrated GO bilayer in vacuum. Our study provides microscopic insight into reactions involving water and functional epoxy-O and OHgroups bonded to graphene layers, and also describes the swelling of the structure by water vapor pressure at elevated temperatures. We find the system to withstand simulation temperatures up to ≈2, 500 K before the graphitic layers start decomposing, implying the possibility of cleaning biofouling residue from a GO-based membrane by heating in an inert gas atmosphere.

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“…79 The shi to lower temperatures and merger of the GO peak at 570 C in the DTA curves (Fig. S3c †), on the other hand, is indicative of the coordination of copper oxide groups and partial reduction of GO, 80 which is not evident for the HKUST-1/rGO composites synthesized from commercially-acquired bulk 3D Cu-BTC (i.e., Basolite C 300 or HKUST-1) using the same setup and reduction protocol but without the SRBW excitation. This is because the Cu-linker bonds in HKUST-1 have already been occupied (Fig.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustotemplating: rapid synthesis of freestanding quasi-2D MOF/graphene oxide heterostructures for supercapacitor applications

et al. 2022

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Unlocking thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the fight against “Fake graphene” materials

Cited by 106 publications

References 27 publications

Accounting Carbonaceous Counterfeits in Graphene Materials Using the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Approach

Accounting Carbonaceous Counterfeits in Graphene Materials Using the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Approach

Thermal decomposition of hydrated graphite oxide: A computational study

Acoustotemplating: rapid synthesis of freestanding quasi-2D MOF/graphene oxide heterostructures for supercapacitor applications

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