Creativity is about being sensitive to dilemmas, losses, problems, and existing errors, making propositions about and examining such issues, which finally leads to innovative findings. On the other hand, it seems that games are important in this process; since they can improve creativity of the individuals. Thus, this research pays attention to the question that whether computer games affect creativity of students at primary level in schools or not? Moreover, in this study, students of 3 main districts of Tehran municipality were studied. Based on the available data of the ministry, there were 51740 students studying in these three districts. Thus, 381 students were randomly selected as the research sample. Findings revealed that all computer games, i.e. puzzle, intellectual, and enigma, affect creativity of students at primary level in schools to different extents.
Objective Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Psychological well-being often declines as a consequence of this impairment. Application of neurological musical intervention to adapt with the limitation of neurological impairments has been under investigation. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of neurological music intervention on the psychological wellbeing of women with MS. Materials & Methods Quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design was conducted. A total of 20 women from the Iranian MS Association, with a relapsing-remitting course, aged 20 to 30 years, were selected with the convenience sampling method. After grouping them with respect to variables such as education, age, marital status, occupation, and low Extended Disability Status (EDSS), they were randomly paired and assigned to experimental and control groups after obtaining their consent and taking the pretest. The exclusion criteria for the participants were as follows: psychological symptoms such as depression or taking other musical training during the intervention. Neurological music intervention was designed with the assistance of a musician based on Iranian culture and Musical Executive Function Training (Thaut, 2005) to affect the frontal and prefrontal lobes. The 8 designations of the training program included "executive function", "goal regulation support", "group motivation", "impulsivity control", "inhibition", "responsibility", "problem-solving creativity", and " decision making/creativity". The internal validity of program has been already validated. The experimental group received 30 sessions training, two times a week for three months in MS association center while the control group did not receive any training. Scores were gathered using Ryff (1995) 42-item psychological well-being scale in the pretest and posttest stages. Also, the Kurtke (1983) extended disability status scale was used to evaluate the physical disabilities of MS participants. Results The results, analyzed in ANCOVA and MANCOVA, indicated a significant improvement in psychological well-being (P<0.05) and medium effect size (0.38) according to the Cohen Scale. No significant improvement in 6 Ryff subscales was observed but a small effect was noted in self-acceptance (0.02), personal growth (0.02), the purpose of life (0.01), environmental mastery (0.07), autonomy (0.09), and small to medium size effect in positive relation (0.23). Conclusion According to experts, there is no cure for multiple sclerosis, there are, however, numerous treatments and rehabilitation interventions to slow down and reduce the physical and psychological symptoms. These findings suggest that neurological music intervention based on "Musical Executive Function Training" has a potential dual effect on cognitive and affective aspects of the brain. This kind of music intervention includes group and individual improvisation and composition exercises which improved the executive function skills such as organi...
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