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The aim of the present research is to evaluate the effect of entrepreneurial competencies on innovation in professional sport clubs. In a regression analysis, this paper uses a descriptive correlational field method. The statistical sample population of this research includes the staff and employees from five selected sport clubs, namely: Esteghlal, Perspolis, Naaft-e-Tehran, Sepahan and ZobAhan of Isfahan. For data collection, a standard questionnaire with 65 items was used to evaluate eight competencies: strategic, conceptual, opportunity, relationship, learning, personal, ethical, familyism; and three dimensions of innovation in goods/services, the process and execution. The validity through the convergent validity (AVE=0.56 and 0.84 respectively) and the reliability (0.95 and α=0.93; 0.91 and CR=0.95 respectively) were confirmed and were randomly distributed among the statistical sample population. The Smart PLS 2 software and the structural equations modeling (SEM) techniques were used. The obtained results of this research indicate that the there is a positive and significant relationship between the entrepreneurial competencies and innovation (t=13/14 and T-value 1/96). Moreover, there is a positive and significant relationship between all the variables of competencies (i.e. strategic, conceptual, opportunity, relationship, learning, personal, ethical, and familyism) and innovation. The 77% innovative change as fostered by entrepreneurial competencies is indicative of a strong impact of the entrepreneurial competencies on innovation & performance of enterprises. Contribution of this paper is measuring these competencies on innovation of professional sport clubs.

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Many believe that traditional models and traditional theories of identifying and exploiting opportunities in such situations do not have the required efficiency since they act linearly and require nonlinear models to identify and exploit these opportunities. Henceforth, adapting compatible and innovative strategies are necessary to meet the changing needs of customers as well as environmental uncertainties. In this research, while studying existing theories about technological entrepreneurship opportunities, a theoretical gap was studied. The study showed that there are several questions that have not been addressed in existing theories and more research should be done to answer these questions and to fill the theories gap.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static and dynamic stretching within a preexercise warm-up on angular velocity of knee joint, deepest knee flexion (DKF), and duration of eccentric and concentric contractions, which are relative to the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) during instep kicking in professional soccer players. The kicking motions of dominant legs were captured from 18 Olympic professional male soccer players (height: 180.38 ± 7.34 cm; weight: 69.77 ± 9.73 kg; age: 19.22 ± 1.83 years) using 4 digital video cameras at 50 Hz. There was a significant difference in the DKF after the dynamic stretching (-3.22 ± 3.10°) vs. static stretching (-0.18 ± 3.19°) relative to the no-stretching method with p < 0.001. Moreover, there was significant difference in eccentric duration after the dynamic stretching (0.006 ± 0.01 seconds) vs. static stretching (-0.003 ± 0.01 seconds) relative to the no-stretching method with p < 0.015. There was a significant difference in the concentric duration after the dynamic stretching (-0.007 ± 0.01 seconds) vs. static stretching (0.002 ± 0.01 seconds) relative to the no-stretching method with p < 0.001. There was also a significant difference in knee angular velocity after the dynamic stretching (4.08 ± 3.81 rad·s) vs. static stretching (-5.34 ± 4.40 rad·s) relative to the no-stretching method with p < 0.001. We concluded that dynamic stretching during warm-ups, as compared with static stretching, is probably the most effective way as preparation for the kinematics characteristics of soccer instep kick, which are relative to the SSC.

Creativity is about being sensitive to dilemmas, losses, problems, and existing errors, making propositions about and examining such issues, which finally leads to innovative findings. On the other hand, it seems that games are important in this process; since they can improve creativity of the individuals. Thus, this research pays attention to the question that whether computer games affect creativity of students at primary level in schools or not? Moreover, in this study, students of 3 main districts of Tehran municipality were studied. Based on the available data of the ministry, there were 51740 students studying in these three districts. Thus, 381 students were randomly selected as the research sample. Findings revealed that all computer games, i.e. puzzle, intellectual, and enigma, affect creativity of students at primary level in schools to different extents.

Background. To effectively response to environmental changes and gain a competitive advantage, sports manufacturing companies should invest in human capital. Objectives. The study aimed at examining the effects of human capital on technological innovation capabilities in Iranian sports manufacturing companies. Methods. Conducted applied research and the survey. Data were collected using standard questionnaires in human capital and technological innovation capabilities. The reliability of the questionnaires was 0.81 and 0.85, respectively. The study was conducted on 546 employees from 77 sports manufacturing companies. To evaluate the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling based on partial least-squares method was used. Results. The study results indicated a significant impact of brand associations on brand equity and brand citizenship behavior; human capital also had a significant impact on technological innovation capabilities. According to ranking results, the three main features of the human capital of sports manufacturing companies respectively were skills and expertise, knowledge, and experience. Conclusion. The main factors can significantly affect the development of human capital and technological innovation capabilities in Iranian sports manufacturing companies.

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