Aim: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of bypass nutrients i.e. bypass lysine, methionine and fat on growth and nutritional efficiency in growing Jaffrabadi buffalo heifers aged 21 to 27 months.Materials and Methods: Twenty buffalo heifers were divided into four groups of equal number: control group (T1), bypass fat supplementation (T2), bypass lysine and methionine supplementation (T3) and bypass lysine, methionine and fat supplementation (T4). The feeds were analyzed for proximate constituents. Body measurements (body length, body height, heart girth, body girth, pelvic length and pelvic width) as well as body weights (kg) of individual animals were recorded at the beginning and thereafter at every fifteen day interval throughout the experimental period. Feed conversion ratio was determined in terms of dry matter required per kg gain in body weight under different treatments.Results: The total weight gain and average daily body weight gain during the experiment was highest in T4 followed by T2, which differed significantly (P<0.05) from that of T1. Biometric changes were uniform in all the experimental groups and the changes were positive. Heifers under the present experimental condition, gained biometry considerably though not significantly. Treatment differences were significant (P<0.05) for average value of percent dry matter intake but no significant differences were found between treatments for average daily dry matter intake and dry matter intake per kg metabolic body weight. The efficiency of feed utilization was best in T4 followed by T2, T3 and T1 groups but the treatment differences were statistically non significant (P>0.05). Conclusion:Incorporation of bypass nutrients (lysine, methionine and fat) in the ration of growing Jaffrabadi heifers improved live weight gain, dry matter intake (kg/day), dry matter intake per kg metabolic weight and feed conversion ratio (DMI/kg body weight gain).

Aim:The objective of an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding bypass Methonine-Lysine on hematological and biochemical parameters on growing Jaffrabadi heifers of age from 12 to 18 month. Material and Methods:Eighteen Jaffrabadi heifers were divided into three groups of equal number: control group (T ), and biochemical parameters like total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine and creatine kinase. Conclusion:Bypass Methionine and Lysine have no effect on hematological and biochemical parameters except blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in growing Jaffrabadi heifers.

Aim: Our objective was to estimate in-vitro gas production from dry jowar fodder added with different concentrations of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFEs) like neutral cellulase and fungal xylanase. Materials and Methods:34 different samples of dry jowar fodder were prepared according to different concentrations of neutral cellulase, fungal xylanase and neutral cellulase + fungal xylanase (1:1). Sample not containing any enzymes was considered as the control group. These 34 samples were subjected to further in vitro gas production analysis.Results: Statistically, significantly higher (P<0.05) potential gas production was recorded for 0.7 % at 6 hr period, 0.7 % at 12 hr period, 0.7 %, 0.8 % at 18 hr period and 0.7 %, 0.8 % at 24 hr period in the samples treated with neutral cellulase. Significantly higher potential gas production was recorded for 0.5 %, 0.8 % at 6 hr period, 0.5 %, 0.6 %, 0.8 % at 12 hr period, 0.8 % at 18 hr period and 0.5 %, 0.6 %, 0.8 % at 24 hr period in the samples treated with fungal xylanase. Significantly higher potential gas production was recorded for 0.6 %, 0.6 %, 0.8 % at 6 hr period, 0.6 %, 0.8 % at 12 hr period, 0.6 %, 0.8 % at 18 hr period and 0.6 %, 0.8 % at 24 hr period in the samples treated with mixture of neutral cellulase + fungal xylanase (1:1). Conclusion:Addition of neutral cellulase and fungal xylanase into the samples of dry jowar fodder increased in vitro total potential gas production. EFEs increase substrate degradation and there by improve the nutritive value of dry jowar fodder.

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Eighteen crossbred (HS × GH) castrated grower pigs (3 months old, body wt. ranged from 13 to 14 kg) were divided into three groups of six each in a randomized block design to investigate the partial replacement of conventional protein sources with silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) meal on production performance. Three different diets were prepared for feeding of experimental animals. These were namely - T1: standard grower ration without silkworm pupa meal and designated as control diet, T2: standard grower ration supplemented with 1.5% silkworm pupa meal by replacing 2.5% protein supplements which include mixture of groundnut cake and soyabean meal and standard grower ration supplemented with 3% silkworm pupa meal by replacing 5% protein supplements. The pigs were fed on the experimental grower rations twice daily in the morning and evening. The average dry matter intake was found similar in T1, T2 and T3 groups. Digestibility coefficients (%) of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fiber was increased in silkworm pupa meal supplemented groups. Nitrogen balance (g/d) was found positive across all the groups and was increased in supplemented groups in comparison to control. The average body weight gain (g/day) was found higher in silkworm pupa supplemented groups. The cost (`/kg gain) was reduced in T2 and T3 groups in comparison to T1 group. The feed conversion efficiency (FCR) was higher T2 and T3 groups than control group. From this study, it is concluded that silkworm pupa meal can be supplemented @ 3% level by replacing 5% protein supplements in grower crossbred pigs to improve growth, nutrient utilization, feed conversion efficiency and also to reduce the feed cost.

Organic livestock farming promotes the use of organic and biodegradable inputs from the ecosystem in terms of animal nutrition, animal health, animal housing and breeding. It is getting popular in many countries including India due to increased consumers' demand of organic products and environmental concerns. Sound managemental aspect of organic livestock farming stands upon the nutritional management of the animals for better performance and animal health. Animal nutrition plays a key role to prevent infections, to provide wellbeing to the animals through better immunity and to improve animal production. Thus, roles of nutritionists and veterinarians are more important in organic system than conventional system which needs improved nutritional management and efficient surveillances of diseases and organisms that are economically important.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacement of groundnut cake with dried Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves on growth and nutrient utilization in crossbred grower pigs. Eighteen crossbred (Hampshire × Ghungroo) grower pigs (about 2 months old, body wt. 12–14 kg) of either sex were divided into three groups of six each in a randomized block design. Three different diets were used for feeding of the animals. These were namely, T1 (standard grower ration without dried Moringa leaves), T2 (standard grower ration supplemented with 5% dried Moringa leaves by replacing groundnut cake) and T3 (standard grower ration supplemented with 10% dried Moringa leaves by replacing groundnut cake). The pigs were fed on the experimental grower rations twice daily in the morning and evening. The crude protein content (% DM) of the grower ration ranged from 18.82±0.08 to 20.36±0.06 while that of Moringa leaves was 15.11±0.73. The average dry matter intake was (kg/d) 0.62, 0.62 and 0.60 respectively in T1, T2 and T3 groups which were found similar across all the groups. Digestibility coefficients (%) of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen free extracts increased in Moringa supplemented groups. While crude protein digestibility was higher in T2 group in comparison to other two groups. Nitrogen balance (g/d) was positive across all the groups and values were 16.10, 16.79 and 15.38 in groups T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The absorbed N (g/d) was significantly higher in T1 group (19.23) in comparison to the other two groups. However, there was no significant difference in absorbed N (g/d) in group T1 and T2. The absorbed N as percent intake, net protein utilization and biological value were similar across all the groups. The average body weight gain (g/day) was higher in Moringa leaves supplemented groups. The cost (`````₹/kg gain) was reduced in T2 and T3 groups in comparison to T1. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in group T3 and lower in T2 group. From this study, it is concluded that dried Moringa leaves can be supplemented @ 5% level by replacing groundnut cake in grower crossbred pigs for better growth, nutrient utilization, feed conversion efficiency and also to lessen the feed cost.