We measure the total benefits from rice varietal improvement research in China and India, using variety adoption and performance data over the last two decades. Genetic or pedigree information is used to partition the total benefits between these two countries and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Finally, reported elasticities of poverty reduction with respect to agricultural output growth are used to assess the effects of national and international research on poverty reduction in rural India and China. The results indicate that rice varietal improvement research has contributed tremendously to increase in rice production, accounting for 14% to 24% of the total production value over the last two decades in both countries. Rice research has also helped reduce large numbers of rural poor. IRRI played a crucial role in these successes. In 1999, for every US$1 million invested at IRRI, more than 800 and 15,000 rural poor were lifted above the poverty line in China and India, respectively. These poverty reduction effects were even larger in the earlier years. Copyright 2005 International Association of Agricultural Economics.
A variant of apolipoprotein B has been observed in the lymph lipoproteins [chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and low density lipoproteins (LDL)J of rats, in the plasma VLDL of fed rats, and in the plasma VLDL and LDL of rats fed a high-fat, high-cholesterofdiet. It is the sole apolipoprotein B in the chylomicrons and VLDL of lymph. It differs from the apolipoprotein B of normal plasma LDL in its immunological properties and in its apparent molecular weight from electrophoresis on 3.5% NaDodSO,/polyacrylamide gel. The liver and the intestine are primarily responsible for producing the apolipoprotein components of the plasma lipoproteins (1-6). However, these two organs do not produce an identical spectrum of apolipoproteins. The liver apparently contributes most of the apolipoproteins C and E (7-9). On the other hand, both the liver and the intestine provide significant quantities of apolipoproteins A and B (7-12). It has been assumed that the structures of the apolipoproteins that originate in the intestine and first appear in lymph were very similar, if not identical, to the structures of corresponding apolipoprotein species found in the major plasma lipoproteins and presumed to be of hepatic origin. In this report we present evidence that the apolipoprotein B made by the rat intestine and incorporated into chylomicrons differs in a number of properties from the apolipoprotein B isolated as the major constituent of normal circulating plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODSMale Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250 g, were maintained on Rockland-Purina Rat and Mouse Chow and water ad lib. For some experiments, rats were fasted at least 16 hr prior to the collection of blood or prior to gastric intubation and the collection of mesenteric duct lymph. Some animals were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 1% orotic acid (13) or a high-fat, high-cholesterol, sodium-cholate diet (13).Blood and lymph serum were adjusted to final concentrations of 0.05% EDTA (pH 7.0) and 0.02% sodium azide. Chylomicrons were removed by flotation in a Beckman L2-65 ultracentrifuge, SW 27 rotor (82,000 X g; 30 min). The remaining lipoprotein fractions were collected by ultracentrifugation in 1 mM EDTA/0.02% sodium azide at densities of 1.006 g/ml (very low density lipoprotein, VLDL), 1.019-1.063 g/ml (LDL), and 1.063-1.21 g/ml (high density lipoprotein, HDL), essentially as described (14). In some cases LDL was obtained in the density range 1.019-1.050 g/ml. Lipoprotein fractions were dialyzed at 40C against 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.6/1 mM EDTA/0.02% sodium azide.Lymph was collected over a period of 24-48 hr from both normally fed and orotic acid-fed rats whose thoracic ducts wereThe publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. cannulated (15). Prior to lymph-duct cannulation, rats had been given 2 ml of corn ...
Activated carbon is produced from coconut shell char using steam or carbon dioxide as the reacting gas in a 100 mm diameter fluidized bed reactor. The effect of process parameters such as reaction time, fluidizing velocity, particle size, static bed height, temperature of activation, fluidizing medium, and solid raw material on activation is studied. The product is characterized by determination of iodine number and BET surface area. The product obtained in the fluidized bed reactor is much superior in quality to the activated carbons produced by conventional processes. Based on the experimental observations, the optimum values of process parameters are identified.
Solid substrate cultivation (SSC) or solid state fermentation (SSF) is envisioned as a prominent bio conversion technique to transform natural raw materials into a wide variety of chemical as well as biochemical products. This process involves the fermentation of solid substrate medium with microorganism in the absence of free flowing water. Recent developments and concerted focus on SSF enabled it to evolve as a potential biotechnology as an alternative to the traditional chemical synthesis. SSF is being successfully exploited for food production, fuels, enzymes, antibiotics, animal feeds and also for dye degradation. This paper discusses the various micro and macro level engineering problems associated with SSF and some possible solutions for its full commercial realization.
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