The analysis of the experimental data obtained in stationary field experiments in the conditions of northern Steppe in the estimation of erosion-preventive resistance of various biotechnological systems is given. The main factors of the erosion-preventive regulation were 5-field grain-row crop rotation, different methods of base cultivation of soil and direct sowing, as well as plant mulch as a protective screen on the field surface. In the research the new methods and characteristics of reaction of the soil on the displays of water erosion which include the methods of packet monolith, traps and water absorbtion capacity of soil are used. Such a scientific instrument has allowed to estimate objectively and promptly the level of erosive safety at all stages of organogenesis of agricultural crops and at pauses between vegetation. It has been experimentally established that the greatest threat of erosive degradation of soils in the agrotechnological aspect represent the phytocenotic density of crops, the activity of soil tillage implements, the absence of mulching screen, the tread condition of soil surface. It has been proved that the application of chisel disk cultivation of soil and No-till under spring barley and winter wheat in comparison with the most erosion-dangerous element-plowing in bare fallow reduces the displays of water erosion in 2,4-3,3 times. On sowings of row crops with an increased level of erosion threat, soil protective methods of basic cultivation can reduce soil washoff by 1,5-2,2 times. The mechanics of soil movement in the arable layer have been discovered, depending on the design of the tools of the soil-cultivating units. A mobile way of determining the depth of precipitation moisture infiltration by means of differentiation of the arable layer in accordance with soil hardness index is proposed. Priority of erosion-preventive agro-technological measures should be maintained despite the reduction of grain yield by 5-11% and the need for some modernization of farm crop growing technologies.
На основі багаторічних польових тимчасових та стаціонарних дослідів з вивчення ефективності гербіцидів, розповсюдження бур'янів і впливу факторів землеробства встановлено особливості трансформації видового складу бур'янової рослинності. З'ясовано, що високою регуляторною здатністю відносно ботанічного складу бур'янів відзначаються гербіциди, структура посівних площ, фітоценотична щільність сільськогосподарських культур та інтенсивність обробітку грунту. Найбільш характерним для новітнього етапу розвитку землеробства є універсальність використання гербіцидів, підвищення їхньої фітотоксичної дії до 90-97 % і перехід до мінімізації обробітку грунту. В нових умовах найбільшої актуальності набули такі бур'яни, як амброзія полинолиста, куряче просо, щириця звичайна. Зустрічність цих видів бур'янів за Раункієром-найвища і досягає 70-92 %. Встановлено, що на перелогах асоціативна мінливість бур'янів більш консервативна, з домінуванням багаторічних форм з низькою адаптивністю в агросистемах. Зроблено теоретичний висновок про необхідність постійного корегування фітотоксичного спектра гербіцидів і диференціації обробітку грунту в сівозмінах.
Based on a broad experimental study of crop rotation productivity in different locations of the Steppe zone, a correlative model for estimating the role of predecessors in the formation of post-crop yields has been developed. The connection between quality of agrotechnologies and change of degree of crop rotation competitiveness of culture is presented. A retrospective analysis of the efficiency of farming and crop rotation systems showed that the constant improvement of varieties and hybrids of crops and technologies for their cultivation created objective agrobiological grounds for reassessment of predecessors in crop rotation. The main motive for this transformation was that in modern agricultural systems, high-potential biotechnological resources allow to obtain higher crop yields on the worst predecessors than on the best in the past. In order to universalize the evaluation of crop rotation efficiency and model their productivity, it is proposed to introduce a crop rotation depression coefficient, which shows the share of yield remaining after individual predecessors compared to its baseline level after black fallow. The most favorable conditions developed after crops with a coefficient above 0,80 – winter wheat, barley, rape, rye, spring barley, oats. At the same time, the development of post-rotational crops was significantly inhibited by sunflower, corn for grain and silage, beets, sorghum and soybeans, their depression coef-ficient was 0,66–0,78. The proposed methodology of system analysis for the assessment of predecessors opens wider opportunities for the formation of adapted crop rotations, optimization the set of crops to market requirements, formation important adjustments to crop rotations in extreme conditions, regulation crop rotation productivity taking into account agrotechnological modernization. Keywords: crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, crops, grain, predecessors, harvest, minimization.
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