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Background: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble compound responsible for promoting intestinal absorption of calcium, and this, in turn, acts as a signal transmitter or activator as protein in secretory processes and release of hormones. Vitamin D receptors are distributed in various tissues of the body and involved in biochemical reactions in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as obesity. Objective: The aim of this article is to provide updated information on the role of vitamin D in insulin resistance in obese individuals. Methods: It was conducted a search of articles published in PubMED, SciELO, and LILACS database, without limit for the year of publication, using the keywords "vitamin D", "insulin resistance", and "obesity". Results: Excess adipose tissue seems to impair insulin signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of its receptor, resulting in insulin resistance. Studies have evidenced role of vitamin D in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity by acting in improving glycemic control both by increasing hepatic and peripheral glucose uptake and by promoting the secretion of this hormone. Conclusions: Vitamin D exerts a protective effect in the treatment and prevention of insulin resistance in patients with obesity and protects the body against oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, contributing to glycemic control. Unfortunately, current data related to the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance are still inconclusive.

Background: In addition to the cardiovascular and renal systems, the gastrointestinal tract also contains angiotensin ATR1a, ATR1b, and ATR2. We previously observed that the 2Kidney-1Clip hypertension model elicits physical exercise and gastrointestinal dysmotility, which is prevented by renin-angiotensin system blockers. Here, we investigate the effect of physical exercise on inflammation, stress biomarkers, and angiotensin II receptors in the duodenum of 2K1C rats.Methods: Arterial hypertension was induced by the 2K1C surgical model. The rats were allocated in Sham, 2K1C, or 2K1C+Exercise groups. One week after surgery, they were submitted to a physical exercise protocol (running 5x/week, 60min/day). Next, we assessed their intestinal contractility, cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), oxidative stress levels (MPO, GSH, MDA, and SOD), and the gene expression of angiotensin receptors (ATR1A, ATR1B, and ATR2).Results: In comparison with the Sham group, the 2K1C arterial hypertension decreased (p<0.05) the intestinal contractility. In comparison with 2K1C, the 2K1C+Exercise group exhibited lower (p<0.05) MPO activity (22.04±5.90 vs. 78.95±18.09 UMPO/mg tissue) and higher (p<0.05) GSH concentrations in intestinal tissues (67.63±7.85 vs. 31.85±5.90mg NPSH/mg tissue). The 2K1C+Exercise group showed lower (p<0.05) cytokine levels in the intestine than 2K1C rats. In comparison with the Sham group, the 2K1C+Exercise rats showed higher (p<0.05) gene expression of ATR2 in the duodenum.Conclusion: 2K-1C hypertension elicits an oxidative stress and inflammation process in the duodenum. Physical exercise modulates the expression twice as much of ATR2 receptors, suggesting possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects induced by exercise.

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Objetivo: Avaliar a ingestão de alimentos ultraprocessados e sua importância no estado nutricional em crianças de um colégio de rede pública de Teresina-PI. Métodos: Trata-se de análise observacional transversal, investigação de campo descritiva, exploratória, quantitativa, realizada com 105 crianças de 7 a 10 anos, de ambos os sexos. A pesquisa foi aprovada através do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Foram coletados dados antropométricos, analisados dois recordatórios de 24 horas para averiguação do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, utilizando o programa Dietbox. Para análise dos outros dados, procedeu-se com análise descritiva. Resultados: Avaliados 105 alunos, 18,1% (19) estão com sobrepeso, 7,6% (8) com obesidade e 5,7% (6) com obesidade grave, 2,9% (03) com magreza e 2,9% (03) com magreza acentuada. Os macronutrientes foram distribuídos em médias ficando carboidratos (67,0 ± 175,9), lipídios (31,9 ± 6,4) e proteína (18,19 ± 4,4). No consumo de ultraprocessados se destacam os sucos industrializados com 44% (46), em seguida embutidos com 43% (45), bolos e biscoitos doces com 42% (44). Conclusão: Os escolares apresentaram desenvolvimento de sobrepeso, obesidade e excesso de gordura abdominal possuindo relação com riscos de doenças cardiovasculares, juntamente com elevado consumo de ultraprocessados.

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