Objectives Investigate the feasibility of saliva sampling as a noninvasive and safer tool to detect SARS-CoV-2 and to compare its reproducibility and sensitivity with nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPS). The use of sample pools was also investigated. Methods 2107 paired samples were collected from asymptomatic health care and office workers in Mexico City. Sixty of these samples were also analyzed in two other independent laboratories for concordance analysis. Sample processing and analysis of virus genetic material were performed according to standard protocols described elsewhere. Pooling analysis was performed by analyzing the saliva pool and the individual pool components. Results The concordance between NPS and saliva results was 95.2% (Kappa: 0.727, p = 0.0001) and 97.9% without considering inconclusive results (Kappa: 0.852, p = 0.0001). Saliva had a lower number of inconclusive results than NPS (0.9% vs 1.9%). Furthermore, saliva shows a significantly higher concentration of both total RNA and viral copies than NPS. Comparison of our results with those of the other two laboratories shows 100% and 97% concordance. Saliva samples are stable without the use of any preservative, a positive SARS-CoV-2 sample can be detected 5, 10, and 15 days after collection when the sample is stored at 4 °C. Conclusions Our results indicate that saliva is as effective as NPS for the identification of SARS-CoV-2-infected asymptomatic patients, sample pooling facilitates the analysis of a larger number of samples with the benefit of cost reduction.

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Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Epimastigote forms of T. cruzi can be readily cultured in axenic conditions. Ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are commonly used solvents employed as vehicles for hydrophobic compounds. In order to produce a reference plot of solvent dependent growth inhibition for T. cruzi research, the growth of epimastigotes was analyzed in the presence of different concentrations of ethanol (0.1–4.0%) and DMSO (0.5–7.5%). The ability of the parasites to resume growth after removal of these solvents was also examined. As expected, both ethanol and DMSO produced a dose-dependent inhibition of cellular growth. Parasites could recover normal growth after 9 days in up to 2% ethanol or 5% DMSO. Since DMSO was better tolerated than ethanol, it is thus recommended to prefer DMSO over ethanol in the case of a similar solubility of a given compound.

The relative steady state concentration of mRNAs of four housekeeping single-copy type Trypanosoma cruzi genes (actin, triosephosphate isomerase, trypanothion reductase and the ribosomal protein S4) was analyzed throughout the growth curve. A distinguishable pattern was observed with maximal levels occurring at the logarithmic phase of growth and minimum levels occurring at the stationary phase. The half-lives of all analyzed messenger RNAs, and also of three molecular species of immature ribosomal RNAs were increased in cells isolated from stationary phase. These results suggest the occurrence of a novel global regulation mechanism that might protect transcripts from degradation in stationary epimastigotes, probably as a strategy to perpetuate through this quiescent stage.

Hay 43 especies introducidas en Colombia, todas ellas presentes en la cuenca del río Magdalena y repartidas así: 13 especies trasplantadas de una cuenca a otra (5 órdenes, 8 familias), incluyendo una especie identificada a nivel de género y una variedad; 30 especies exóticas u originarias de otros continentes (6 órdenes, 9 familias), incluyendo un híbrido y una variedad creada ex situ. Todas las especies consideradas son de interés para la acuicultura, pesca comercial, pesca deportiva y ornamento-acuariofilia. Se hace un análisis comparativo del estatus actual de estas especies en relación al 2012, fecha en la cual se realizó la última evaluación de las introducciones y se muestra la distribución actual de estas especies. De acuerdo a esto, se registraron 13 introducciones nuevas (siete especies trasplantadas y seis especies exóticas), de las cuales en 12 especies (una trasplantada más 11 exóticas), se amplió la distribución geográfica, prueba de su dispersión posterior a 2012. En la actualidad se cultivan 15 especies introducidas: seis especies exóticas en 121 municipios y nueve trasplantadas en 92 municipios, la mayoría policultivos (varias especies). La falta de controles de seguridad en estas instalaciones de cultivo, más la liberación intencionada, siembras y escapes, son las razones que explican la distribución actual de gran parte de las especies.

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