Laboratory experiments were conducted in 55-L aquaria to evaluate the efficacy of the aquatic herbicide endothall and the fungal pathogen Mycoleptodiscus terrestris (Gerd.) Ostazeski, applied alone and in combination against hydrilla. Treatments included 0.25, 0.50, and 1.25 mg ae/L endothall, 100, 200, and 400 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml M. terrestris, simultaneous integrated treatments of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.25 endothall + 100 or 200 CFU/ml M. terrestris, sequential integrated treatments of 100 and 200 CFU/ml M. terrestris + 0.25 and 0.50 mg ae/L endothall, and untreated controls. By 42 d after treatment (DAT), all treatments had significantly reduced shoot biomass levels of hydrilla compared with the untreated controls. Combining the two lowest herbicide rates with M. terrestris provided better hydrilla control than either treatment alone. Based on these results, an outdoor mesocosm study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of endothall and the pathogen applied alone and in combination against hydrilla, Illinois pondweed, American pondweed, and vallisneria. Treatments included 0.25 and 0.50 mg ae/L endothall, 100 and 200 CFU/ml M. terrestris, integrated treatments of 0.25 and 0.50 mg ae/L endothall + 100 and 200 CFU/ml M. terrestris, and untreated controls. Unlike the laboratory results, none of the treatments controlled hydrilla 100%. The combined treatments worked better than either treatment applied alone. By 42 DAT, all the combined treatments except 0.25 mg ae/L endothall + 100 CFU/ml M. terrestris had reduced above-ground hydrilla biomass by ≥ 90% compared with the untreated controls. All nontarget species sustained varying amounts of injury from endothall and M. terrestris applied alone or in combination.
We report progressive necrotizing fungal cellulitis and myositis in the leg of a patient with glioblastoma multiforme treated with temozolomide and corticosteroids. While the morphologic appearance of the isolate and its ability to grow at temperatures greater than 32°C were suggestive of Mycoleptodiscus indicus, some of the conidia were atypical for this species in that they had single septa and occasional lateral appendages. Furthermore, the isolate was different from M. indicus based on the sequencing analysis of two rDNA regions. This is the first case of Mycoleptodiscus invasive fungal disease in which the causative agent could not be resolved at the species level because of inconsistencies between morphological and molecular data.
Growth chamber studies were conducted using 55-L aquariums to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide triclopyr and the fungal pathogenMycoleptodiscus terrestris, applied alone and in combination against Eurasian watermilfoil. Treatments included 0.15, 0.40, and 1.50 mg acid equivalent (ae)/L triclopyr, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 ml/LM. terrestris, combinations of both agents at all rates, and an untreated control. Plants were exposed to all treatments for a 24-h contact time and plant biomass (shoot and roots) was recorded 6 wk after application. For both triclopyr andM. terrestrisapplied alone, plant control increased with treatment concentration. Compared with untreated plants, 1.50 mg/L triclopyr and 0.32 ml/LM. terrestrisreduced Eurasian watermilfoil by 100 and 91%, respectively. Lower doses of herbicide or pathogen were less effective and plant recovery was observed from surviving plant tissues (stems and root crowns). AlthoughM. terrestrisat 0.08 ml/L did not significantly reduce shoot or root biomass and 0.15 mg/L triclopyr provided only 53% control of plants, combining both agents at these rates reduced Eurasian watermilfoil by 90%. Results demonstrated that integrating low doses of triclopyr with an indigenous pathogen,M. terrestris, can improve control of Eurasian watermilfoil. Lower use rates of triclopyr would minimize impacts to sensitive nontarget vegetation, reduce application costs, and may minimize impacts of label-imposed use restrictions.
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