Estimou-se a produção de serapilheira e a taxa de decomposição do material foliar em uma área de cerradão, fisionomia pouco estudada a esse respeito e muito ameaçada, principalmente no Estado de São Paulo. No período de estudo, a quantidade total de serapilheira produzida foi de 5646,9 kg.ha-1.ano-1, onde a fração 'folhas' teve a maior participação, contribuindo com 4081,2 kg.ha¹.ano-1, seguida pela fração 'ramos' (1066,1 kg.ha-1.ano-1), 'estruturas reprodutivas' (434,1 kg.ha-1.ano-1) e 'miscelânea' (65,5 kg.ha-1.ano-1). A produção de serapilheira foi altamente estacional e correlacionou-se negativamente com a umidade relativa do ar e com a temperatura média do ar. A produção foliar correlacionou-se negativamente com a umidade do ar, precipitação e temperatura média do ar. Não houve diferença significativa entre a produção de serapilheira desse estudo e a encontrada em duas outras áreas com cerradão e mata mesófila semidecídua, porém essas fisionomias vegetais diferiram significativamente da produção em outra área com cerrado sensu stricto. A taxa de decomposição (K) obtida para o material foliar foi de 0,56, com o tempo para decomposição de 50% do material estimado em 1,8 anos e o tempo de renovação do material foliar em 2,3 anos.

Mammals represent the largest-bodied elements of the world’s surviving megafauna and provide several key ecosystems services, yet their populations are often under steep decline throughout the tropics. Anthropogenic defaunation is one the most important contemporary threats to modern mammal faunas. Although the Atlantic Forest biome of South America shows several clear signs of defaunation, the extent to which this biome has lost its mammal fauna remains poorly understood. Here, we collate and analyze a comprehensive body of secondary data to quantitatively assess the spatial patterns of defaunation of all medium- to large-bodied Atlantic Forest mammals which were then classed by morpho-ecological traits. We used a Defaunation Index, which was scaled-up to the entire biome using kriging interpolation, to examine the integrity of site-specific mammal faunas. We further use environmental and socioeconomic predictors to explain the drivers of defaunation. Our results show high levels of defaunation (>0.5) for most of the Atlantic Forest. Apex predators, other carnivores, large-bodied mammals and large herbivores were among the most defaunated functional groups. Remaining native vegetation cover, forest fragment size, and the largest neighboring forest remnant were the main negative predictors of defaunation. We conclude that medium- to large-bodied Atlantic Forest mammals are under high levels of threat due to historical population losses that continue today. A conservation action plan thus becomes imperative to prevent this biome from becoming an even “emptier forest”, severely compromising patterns of diversity, ecological processes and ecosystem functioning.

-(distribution of the community of vascular epiphytes in sites under different degrees of disturbance in the ipanema national Forest, são Paulo, Brazil). despite the importance of vascular epiphytes to indicate the degree of local conservation, there is little research on this subject. the present research was performed in the ipanema national Forest, iperó, são Paulo, Brazil, aiming to characterize the vascular epiphytic community, to analyze their vertical distribution and to analyze the correlation among different sites. Three sites were considered: RIA -remnant isolated/modified, FAB -advanced forest/border, and Fai -advanced forest/inside. on each site 90 assorted trees (dBh ≥ 20 cm) were sampled. Frequency, abundance and diversity parameters based on the occurrence of epiphytes in the strata and in the assorted trees were estimated. in the present survey 21 species belonging to 14 genera and six families were found. the shannon index of diversity (H') for the whole epiphytic community was 2.272, the equability (J) = 0.713 and Margalef's richness (d) = 2.467. the richness and diversity of sites were: 18 species, H' = 2.159, J = 0.747 and d = 2.180 for the Ria site, seven species, H' = 1.270, J = 0.652 and d = 1.017 for the FaB site, and 13 species, H' = 1.587, J = 0.618 and d = 1.919 for the Fai site. although there are significant differences among RIA to FAB and FAI, there is no difference between FAB and FAI. This research highlights the influence of environmental changes over epiphytic communities and the importance of disturbed forest remnants or even isolated trees to sustain the vascular epiphytes.Key words -atlantic Forest, environmental change, phytosociology of epiphytes RESUMO -(Distribuição da comunidade de epífitas vasculares em sítios sob diferentes graus de perturbação na Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, São Paulo, Brasil). Apesar da importância de epífitas vasculares em refletir o grau de preservação local, existem poucas pesquisas sobre o tema. esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Floresta nacional de ipanema, iperó, sP, e teve por objetivo caracterizar e analisar a comunidade epifítica vascular em sítios sob diferentes graus de perturbação. Foram determinados três sítios: RIA -remanescente isolado/alterado, FAB -floresta avançada/borda e FAI -floresta avançada/interior e, em cada sítio, foram amostrados 90 forófitos com DAP ≥ 20 cm. Foram estimamos os parâmetros de freqüência, dominância e diversidade com base na ocorrência das epífitas nos estratos e nos forófitos. No levantamento foram encontradas 21 espécies, 14 gêneros e seis famílias. o índice de diversidade shannon (H') para toda a comunidade epifítica foi de 2,172, a equabilidade (J) = 0,713 e a riqueza de Margalef (d) = 2,467. A riqueza e a diversidade dos sítios foram de: 18 espécies, H' = 2,159, J = 0,747 e d = 2,180 para o Sítio RIA; sete espécies, H' = 1,270, J = 0,652 e d = 1,017 para o Sítio FAB; e 13 espécies, H' = 1,587, J = 0,618 e d = 1,919 para o Sítio FAI. Embora existam diferenças significativas entre os sítios RIA ...

Epiphytes are hyper‐diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non‐vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer‐reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non‐vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non‐vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events.

The capacity of a given natural ecosystem to provide certain goods and services that satisfy human needs depends on its environmental characteristics (natural processes and components). It was described the availability of these goods and services (environmental functions) controlled and sustained by ecological processes operating in Ecological Station of Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). The environmental functions identified were grouped in four main categories. To make environmental values an integrated factor in planning and decision making it was assessed their socio-economic importance in qualitative terms and, if possible their monetary value. The combined potential annual return from identified functions of Ecological Station of Jataí is at least US$ 708.83/ha/year. In comparison to calculations made for other natural ecosystems this is a rather moderate estimate. The Ecological Station of Jataí is poorly protected and managed, it too is still threatened by human activity (agriculture) and many development plans. Although present day market economics do not recognize the monetary value of most environmental functions, such calculations do provide a revealing insight into the great socio-economic importance of Ecological Station of Jataí. More awareness of these values may provide an important incentive for their preservation and sustainable use.Key words: ecosystem services, environmental functions, natural capital, natural conservation area. RESUMO O valor dos serviços dos ecossistemas e do capital natural da Estação Ecológica de JataíA capacidade de um determinado ecossistema natural proporcionar bens e serviços que satisfaçam as necessidades humanas depende de suas características ambientais (processos e componentes naturais). Foi descrita a disponibilidade desses bens e serviços (funções ambientais), controlados e mantidos pelos processos ecológicos operantes na Estação Ecológica de Jataí (Luiz Antônio, SP). As funções ambientais identificadas foram agrupadas em quatro categorias. Foi determinado o valor sócio-econômico das funções ambientais, em termos quali e quantitativos, quando possível, na perspectiva de integrar os valores ambientais nos processos de planejamento e tomada de decisão. O retorno sócio-econômico anual para as funções ambientais identificadas da Estação Ecológica de Jataí é de aproximadamente US$ 708,83/ha/ano. Em comparação com estimativas realizadas para outros ecossistemas naturais, esse valor é bastante moderado. A Estação Ecológica de Jataí demonstra ser pouco protegida, com sua manutenção comprometida por atividades humanas (agricultura) e muitos planos de desenvolvimento. Embora o mercado econômico não reconheça o valor monetário da maioria das funções ambientais, essas estimativas não revelam a grandeza da importância sócio-econômica da Estação Rev. Brasil. Biol., 172 SANTOS, J. E. et al.Ecológica de Jataí. Um interesse maior com esses valores pode proporcionar um incentivo importante para sua preservação e uso sustentado.Palavras-chave: serviços dos ecossistemas, funções ...

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal‐central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation‐related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

The captive environment can limit some important behavioral options for nonhuman animals, which often results in decreased welfare. The companion of a conspecific can be a source of complexity in captivity, but this aspect has received little attention for solitary species. This study investigated the effects of two different housing conditions on the behavior of a solitary species, the Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). Six individuals housed singly and four housed in pairs in two Brazilian zoological institutions were observed for 10 days from 09:00h to 17:00h during the rainy season. Each individual was observed for 26:40 hours. Compared with singly housed tamanduas, paired animals were less inactive (single = 74.62 ± 5.2%, paired = 28.51 ± 0.04% of the records), foraged and explored more (single = 11.07 ± 3.0%, paired 31.48 ± 0.01% of the records), and exhibited a diversity of behaviors 102.56% greater than single tamanduas. These results suggest that interactions with conspecifics in captivity, even for solitary animals, can promote the performance of desirable behaviors, which in several species has been correlated with improved welfare.

A non-formal Environmental Education (EE) Program has been implemented in the natural conservation area (Ecological Station of Jataí, Luiz Antônio, São Paulo State), through (EE) paradigms, which consider the objectives of education about, in and for the environment within cultural and natural perspectives. The aim of this Program is to support information and scientific knowledge to provide opportunities to the local population to be aware of environmental impacts and risks resulting from the soil use that threaten the environmental quality and the biodiversity of the Ecological Station of Jataí. The Program understands that the promotion of community empowerment could bring the sense of participation and the directives to management for decision-making for local sustainability. The model was projected on local reality, but considering the global issues of environmental paradigms. The environmental characterization (biophysical components) through a Geographical Information Systems was related to the hydrographic basin analysis. The environmental perception was utilized as a main tool to analyse population understanding of local environment, and (EE) pedagogical tools were produced to promote environmental awareness. Since the ecological dimension of (EE) was the main approach, the programme intends to assemble the cultural perspective, achieving the global view of (EE).