The captive environment can limit some important behavioral options for nonhuman animals, which often results in decreased welfare. The companion of a conspecific can be a source of complexity in captivity, but this aspect has received little attention for solitary species. This study investigated the effects of two different housing conditions on the behavior of a solitary species, the Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). Six individuals housed singly and four housed in pairs in two Brazilian zoological institutions were observed for 10 days from 09:00h to 17:00h during the rainy season. Each individual was observed for 26:40 hours. Compared with singly housed tamanduas, paired animals were less inactive (single = 74.62 ± 5.2%, paired = 28.51 ± 0.04% of the records), foraged and explored more (single = 11.07 ± 3.0%, paired 31.48 ± 0.01% of the records), and exhibited a diversity of behaviors 102.56% greater than single tamanduas. These results suggest that interactions with conspecifics in captivity, even for solitary animals, can promote the performance of desirable behaviors, which in several species has been correlated with improved welfare.

Damage caused by wildlife is one of the main causes of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) worldwide and poses a significant threat to both biodiversity conservation and human livelihoods. Understanding the mechanisms that underpin such damage is critical to tackle HWC and foster coexistence. In this paper we provide information on the pattern and magnitude of damage by giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) to apiaries in the Cerrado biome of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. With the collaboration of 10 beekeeping associations we gathered information from 178 beekeepers. Seventy-three percent of these individuals reported beehive damage by giant armadillos in the last five years and 46% in the last 12 months, resulting in substantial economic losses. We used a combination of beekeepers' reports and camera traps to characterize the pattern of damage, and to evaluate the effectiveness, as well as pros and cons, of several non-lethal mitigation measures to deter giant armadillos from damaging beehives. In hopes of developing a win-win solution, we propose the implementation of a Honey Certification Scheme so that beekeepers and giant armadillos may not only coexist but thrive together.

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is considered a solitary species except for the reproductive and parental care periods. Agonistic encounters among giant anteaters have been previously reported, describing conflicts and fights between individuals. However, non-agonistic encounters have not been reported in the scientific literature. Three instances of such encounters were recorded: two in which two females, carrying their cubs, were foraging together for periods of a few hours, and another where a female with her cub beside her was foraging alongside an adult of unknown sex. Details of these encounters are described in this note, contributing to knowledge of the natural history of the species. Relato de três encontros não-agonísticos entre tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)Resumo O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) é considerado uma espécie de hábitos solitá-

Damage caused by wildlife is one reason preventing peaceful coexistence between humans and wildlife. To identify the complexity and scope of human-wildlife interactions and to guide conservation interventions, a theoretical framework has been recently proposed, based on the field of conflict analysis and peacebuilding. Despite its importance, to our knowledge, there are no studies yet testing the framework. We therefore adapted and expanded the framework to investigate a wildlife-people interaction scenario, involving damage by giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) to apiaries in the Brazilian Cerrado biome of Mato Grosso do Sul state. From August to November 2018, we interviewed 111 beekeepers identified through a mixed random and snowball sampling design to assess at which level of conflict this interaction could be framed, and to identify strategies able to promote coexistence. Analysis of the five key areas of the framework suggested the current human-wildlife interaction is a level one conflict. This means the negative relation between beekeepers and giant armadillos is still not rooted in less visible, more complex social disagreements, but founded in a material dispute: destruction of beehives. We used the findings to create an intervention strategy which involves: (i) the implementation of mitigation strategies that prevent giant armadillos from predating beehives; (ii) a certification scheme to acknowledge beekeepers' efforts to implement the mitigation strategies, and (iii) a Citizen Science Program using an app that enables data gathering for adaptive management, as well as maintains beekeeper engagement. We hope beekeepers-giant armadillos' coexistence will become beneficial rather than a challenge with the novel interventions.

Observing behavior in wild Southern Anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) allows Xenarthran researchers to gain perspective on natural history of this neotropical scansorial species. We describe the use of the prehensile tail to facilitate copulation for a pair in southeastern Brazil, a novel observation for this species. This detailed account of mating behavior in lesser anteaters is one of very few in the literature and contributes to basic knowledge of this group.

por acreditar na importância desta pesquisa, me guiando passo a passo no universo da investigação científica. Sua paciência, disponibilidade e incentivo foram essenciais para que este trabalho se concretizasse.Ao Arnaud Desbiez, por confiar em minhas ideias e apoiar minhas iniciativas.A cada um dos 624 entrevistados que generosamente compartilharam um pouco de suas crenças, experiências, sentimentos e memórias. E que por tantas vezes me oferecerem abrigo, refeições, chipas e tererés.À CAPES pelo financiamento desta pesquisa e pela bolsa de Doutorado Sanduíche.À Fundação Segre, pelo suporte financeiro para as atividades de campo.Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambiental da USP e aos funcionários da Secretaria, sempre prontos a resolver intercorrências. À Freya St. John e à Julia P. G. Jones, por me acolherem com carinho em seu grupo de pesquisa durante o período Sanduíche no País de Gales e por contribuírem para o amadurecimento desta pesquisa.Aos colegas de laboratório da USP e da Universidade de Bangor, pelas discussões e trocas construtivas.A todos os membros do ICAS -Débora, Gabriel, Danilo, Déia, Mário e Nina, pelos conselhos valiosos, ouvidos curiosos e pela amizade, apoio e suporte logístico nos campos. Em especial, à Bruna Oliveira, por conduzir com maestria as entrevistas com os apicultores.Ao Silvio Marchini, por me apresentar o potencial da abordagem de Dimensões Humanas para a conservação da biodiversidade.À Comunidade de Prática em Coexistência humano-fauna, pelas sempre valiosas trocas. À Pousada Aguapé, em especial à Joana, Jaira, Sr. João e Fabiano, por oferecerem suas instalações e apoiarem as iniciativas para conservação da fauna pantaneira.