The objective of this research was to examine the influence of macroeconomic and institutional factors when determining the capital structure of Latin American companies from 2009 to 2014, and also analyze if the significance of these factors to explain the capital structure of the companies is changed taking into account the financing composition. We used hierarchical linear modeling to process data. The main results pointed that, both the representative variables of characteristics of the firm and representative variables of countries are important determinants of the capital structure of the companies. However the variables of the firm explain a much higher percentage of variance of leverage. Thus, we emphasize that there is still much to be done in order to analyze the effects of macroeconomic and institutional factors. We expect that this study has created contributions to the national literature, by using a theoretical and also econometric approach that has not been much explored so far. As well as for market agents to examine the determinants of capital structure, considering the institutional aspects.

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This article evaluates the potential impacts deriving from the change in required capital of banks in Brazil, with the implementation of Basel III. To do this, a sample of 58 banks was used, which accounts for 80% of the assets in the Brazilian National Financial System, according to the balance sheets of December 2012. The methodology adopted has simulated the need for regulatory capital that will be mandatory in the end of the transition period, in 2019, considering the continuity of risk-weighted assets (RWAs) contained in these balance sheets. Assuming that some banks will resort to the capital market to raise their capitalization level, the return on equity (ROE) for the previous three years was analyzed, compared to the cost of equity, estimated by the International Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM). It was found that 23 institutions had some kind of noncompliance with the new regulatory capital, among them the 3 largest federal public banks. It was also observed that 39 banks have a ROE insufficient to attract new investors. The joint analysis of the adequacy of capital structure and the return level may identify occasional vulnerabilities. It is concluded that implementing Basel III in Brazil may increase the search for greater efficiency and profitability. In a future scenario, the Brazilian banking system may observe a wave of mergers and acquisitions and an increased number of initial public offerings (IPOs).

O objetivo deste trabalho, a partir das metodologias sugeridas por Forbes e Rigobon (2002) e Corsetti, Pericoli e Sbracia (2005), é verificar indícios de efeito contágio entre quinze economias em oito episódios de crises financeiras. Conclui-se que o modelo de Corsetti, Pericoli e Sbracia (2005), como esperado, apresentou-se mais eficiente em encontrar indícios de efeito contágio, uma vez que abrange variações nas componentes dos retornos não consideradas pelo modelo de Forbes e Rigobon (2002). Os resultados, corroborados por testes de robustez, indicam a crise asiática de 1997 como a mais contagiosa, seguida pelo ataque terrorista de 11 de setembro de 2001, crise brasileira de 1999, bolha da internet de 2000 e crise do Subprime. Os outros episódios não apresentaram indícios de contágio, o que indica choques restritos ao país de origem da crise.

Metodologias preditivas para teste de modelos de retornos esperados são amplamente difundidas no meio acadêmico internacional, entretanto, não têm sido sistematicamente aplicadas no Brasil. Geralmente, os estudos empíricos procedidos com dados do mercado acionário brasileiro concentram-se apenas na primeira etapa dessas metodologias. O objetivo deste artigo foi testar e comparar os modelos CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model), 3-fatores e 4-fatores a partir de uma metodologia de teste preditivo, utilizando duas etapas-regressões em séries temporais e cross-section-com erros-padrão calculados pela técnica de Fama e Macbeth (1973). Apesar dos resultados indicarem a superioridade do modelo 4fatores em relação ao modelo 3-fatores, e esse em relação ao CAPM, nenhum dos modelos testados foram suficientes na explicação das variações dos retornos das ações do mercado brasileiro. Contrário a algumas evidências empíricas que não utilizam a metodologia preditiva, os efeitos tamanho e momento parecem não estar presentes no mercado de capitais brasileiro, enquanto há indícios da presença do efeito valor e relevância do mercado em explicar retornos esperados. Os achados dessa pesquisa levantaram alguns questionamentos, principalmente, devido à originalidade metodológica no mercado nacional e o tema ser ainda incipiente e polêmico no meio acadêmico brasileiro.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of psychological variables and scales suggested by Economic Psychology in predicting individuals' default. Therefore, a sample of 555 individuals completed a self-completion questionnaire, which was composed of psychological variables and scales. By adopting the methodology of the logistic regression, the following psychological and behavioral characteristics were found associated with the group of individuals in default: a) negative dimensions related to money (suffering, inequality and conflict); b) high scores on the self-efficacy scale, probably indicating a greater degree of optimism and over-confidence; c) buyers classified as compulsive; d) individuals who consider it necessary to give gifts to children and friends on special dates, even though many people consider this a luxury; e) problems of self-control identified by individuals who drink an average of more than four glasses of alcoholic beverage a day.KEYWORDS | Economic psychology, credit analysis, credit risk, credit scoring, application scoring. RESUMO