RESUMO -Foram conduzidos três experimentos para avaliar a influência da inoculação in ovo de ácido linoléico, glicose e glutamina em ovos de matrizes pesadas aos 16 dias de incubação sobre a eclodibilidade e o desempenho dos pintos até 10 dias de idade. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, que consistiram da inoculação dos ovos, conforme descrito a seguir: experimento 1 -0, 100, 200 ou 300 µL de ácido linoléico; experimento 2 -0, 100, 200 ou 300 mg de glicose; experimento 3 -0, 10, 20 ou 30 mg de glutamina. Em todos os experimentos, o grupo controle foi representado por ovos íntegros não inoculados. Na fase pré-eclosão, cada um dos 130 ovos representou uma unidade experimental e, na fase pós-eclosão, cada tratamento contou com quatro repetições de 15 aves. A inoculação de ácido linoléico ou glicose aumentou a mortalidade embrionária, diminuiu a eclodibilidade dos ovos e prejudicou a relação peso do pinto:peso do ovo. Pintos mais leves foram obtidos com a inoculação in ovo de diferentes níveis de ácido linoléico. A inoculação in ovo com ácido linoléico, glicose e glutamina nas concentrações testadas não se mostrou adequada para melhorar características relacionadas à eclodibilidade e ao desempenho de aves até os 10 dias de idade.Palavras-chave: ácido linoléico, desempenho, eclodibilidade, glicose, glutamina, órgãos digestórios Nutrient inoculation in eggs from heavy breedersABSTRACT -Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of in ovo inoculat ion of linoleic acid, glucose, and glutamine in chick eggs at 16 th day of incubation on hatchability and performance until 10 days of age. It was used a randomized block design with five treatments, as follows: in experiment 1, 0, 100, 200 or 300 µL of linoleic acid; in experiment 2, 0, 100, 200 or 300 mg of glucose; and in experiment 3, 0, 10, 20 or 30 mg of glutamine. The control was represented by the intact eggs in all experiments. In the pre hatch phase, each one of 130 eggs represented an experimental unit, and in post hatch phase each treatment had four replicates with 15 chicks each. The inoculation of linoleic acid or glucose increased embryo mortality and decreased hatchability and chick weight:egg weight ratio. In ovo inoculation of linoleic acid resulted in lighter chicks. In ovo inoculation of linoleic acid, glucose, and glutamine at different concentrations did not improve bird hatchability and performance until 10 days of age.Key Words: digestory organs, glucose, glutamine, hatchability, linoleic acid, performance IntroduçãoO rápido acesso do pinto ao alimento pode melhorar o desempenho por estimular as enzimas digestivas e o maior desenvolvimento das vilosidades intestinais (Geyra et al., 2001). Uni (2001) demonstrou que, quanto mais cedo a ave é alimentada, maior o desenvolvimento inicial do trato digestório e, portanto, melhor o peso vivo. O acesso do embrião a nutrientes pode melhorar o desenvolvimento do sistema digestório Smirnov et al., 2004), a eclodibilidade e o desempenho do frango. Com base nesta...
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade de rações formuladas com sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), ou milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) e adição de um complexo enzimático comercial composto de amilase, carboidrases, proteases e fitase, e o desempenho de frangos de corte. Para avaliação de desempenho, foram alojados 1.800 pintos de corte machos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, com quatro tratamentos (rações com sorgo ou milheto com ou sem adição de complexo enzimático) e cinco repetições com 60 aves por unidade experimental. Nos ensaios de metabolismo realizados dos 10 aos 14 e dos 24 aos 28 dias, foram distribuídos 420 pintos machos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2 (rações com milheto ou sorgo com ou sem adição de complexo enzimático). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas com o teste F para contrastes ortogonais. Nas rações elaboradas com sorgo, a adição do complexo enzimático proporcionou melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade da gordura e do nitrogênio. A adição de complexo enzimático em rações formuladas com sorgo melhora a conversão alimentar somente na fase inicial de criação dos frangos, enquanto a adição de complexo enzimático não melhora o desempenho de frango nas rações elaboradas com milheto.Termos para indexação: Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum bicolor, conversão alimentar, nutrição animal. Broiler performance and digestibility of sorghum or millet diets with enzymatic complexesAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the digestibility of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) or millet (Pennisetum glaucum) diets with the addition of a commercial enzymatic complex formed by amylase, carbohydrases, proteases and phytase, and broiler performance. For performance evaluation, 1,800 male broilers were distributed in a randomized complete block design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with four treatments (sorghum or millet diet with or without addition of enzymatic complex), and five replicates of 60 birds per experimental unit. In the metabolism assays carried out at 10 to 14 and 24 to 28 days, 420 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized block design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (millet or sorghum diet with or without addition of enzymatic complex). Data were submitted to variance analysis and averages were compared by the F test for orthogonal contrasts. In diets formulated with sorghum, the addition of the enzymatic complex provided better coefficients of digestibility of fat and nitrogen. The addition of the enzymatic complex in diets formulated with sorghum improves feed conversion ratio only in the initial phase of raising broilers, while the addition of the enzymatic complex does not improve broiler performance in diets formulated with pearl millet.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and carcass yield of broilers at 55 days of age fed diets with different levels of metabolizable energy and lysine. Evaluated data of performance were weight gain, feed intake, energy intake, lysine intake, caloric conversion and feed conversion. Carcass assessment was performed based on data from carcass yield, breast weight, whole wings, whole legs, back, head + neck, feet and abdominal fat. A 3 x 3 factorial arrangement was used, with 3 levels of metabolizable energy (3,200; 3,400 and 3,600 kcal ME/kg) and 3 lysine levels (0.95%; 1.05% and 1.15%). There was no interaction between the two factors. Nevertheless, increasing levels of metabolizable energy improved weight gain (745 g; 841 g and 910 g, respectively) and feed intake was higher in broilers receiving the diets with 3,200 and 3,600 kcal ME/kg. Overall performance was not affected by lysine levels. Feed conversion values were 2.69, 2.42 and 2.14 for birds fed diets with 3,200; 3,400 and 3,600 kcal ME/kg, respectively. Carcass yield and breast weight increased with higher levels of energy and lysine in the diets.
RESUMO -Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar o desempenho, o balanço e a retenção de MS, EE e PB e os parâmetros biométricos do trato gastrintestinal de frangos de corte recebendo diferentes níveis de proteína na ração pré-inicial (1 a 7 dias). No experimento 1, 560 pintos Avian Farms foram distribuídos em baterias segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (cinco níveis de proteína, 18, 20, 22, 24 e 26%, e dois sexos), com dez tratamentos, cada um com quatro repetições de 14 aves. No experimento 2, 1.860 pintos machos e fêmeas Ross foram distribuídos em boxes de 2,0 x 2,5 m, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (níveis de proteína, 18, 20, 22, 24 e 26%), cada um com seis repetições de 62 aves. No experimento 1, os níveis crescentes de PB da dieta não afetaram significativamente os dados de desempenho, mas o balanço e a quantidade retida do EE promoveram efeito linear positivo. O balanço de proteína não foi afetado, mas a retenção de proteína apresentou efeito linear positivo. A biometria dos órgãos não foi significativamente influenciada aos quatro dias. Nos períodos seguintes, os níveis crescentes de proteína afetaram positivamente o peso relativo do pâncreas. No experimento 2, observou-se, com base nos resultados de desempenho, que os mais altos níveis de proteína na ração pré-inicial atenderam às necessidades nutricionais das aves.Palavras-chave: balanço nutricional, desempenho, dietas, órgãos digestivos Performance, nutrient balance and retention and biometrical measures of digestive organs of broilers fed different dietary protein levels in the prestarter period AB STRACT -Two trials were carried out to evaluate performance, balance and retention of EE, DM and CP and biometrical measures of digestive organs of broiler chicks fed different dietary CP levels in the pre-starter period (1 -7 d). In the first experiment, 560 one-day-old Avian Farms chicks were allotted to a complete randomized design with ten treatments, with a 5 x 2 (protein levels: 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26% x sex) factorial arrangement and four replicates of 14 birds each. In the second experiment, 1,860 one-day-old Ross chicks were assigned to 2.0 x 2.5 m experimental pens. This experiment was analyzed as a complete randomized design, with five treatments (protein level -18, 20, 22, 24, and 26%) and six replications of 62 birds each. In the first experiment, increasing dietary CP levels in the pre-starter period did not affect performance, but balance and retention of EE had linear and positive effects according to the treatments. No treatment effect on protein balance was observed, but protein retention showed linear and positive effect. No significant differences were observed for biometrical measures on 4 th fday of experiment, but increasing CP levels improved the pancreas relative weight. In the experiment 2, it was possible to conclude that the higher protein levels are indicated for better results in performance.
RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar parâmetros relativos à incubação de ovos férteis de codornas japonesas. Os ovos foram armazenados por três períodos (0, 72 e 144 horas) e incubados em duas umidades relativas (55 e 65%) e duas temperaturas (36,5 e 37,5°C). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 2 (período de armazenamento x umidade x temperatura). As avaliações foram feitas às 276, 324, 362 e 420 horas de incubação e no momento da eclosão. Não houve interação significativa entre as variáveis estudadas. Inicialmente, a velocidade de desenvolvimento embrionário foi influenciada pelo período de armazenamento e pela temperatura da incubadora, mas, à medida que o processo incubatório avançou, o desenvolvimento embrionário se tornou similar entre os grupos experimentais. A mortalidade embrionária foi maior, especialmente na fase precoce, nos ovos armazenados por 144 horas e naqueles incubados a 65% de umidade relativa, após a bicagem da casca pela ave. O tempo necessário para a eclosão dos ovos foi menor quando incubados a 37,7°C com 65% de umidade relativa e armazenados por períodos superiores a 72 horas. A eclodibilidade foi maior em ovos armazenados por até 72 horas. Ovos de codornas devem ser armazenados por períodos de até 72 horas e a incubação deve ser feita a 37,5°C e a 55 ou 65% de umidade relativa. Palavras-chave: embrião, Coturnix coturnix japonica, incubação Embrionary development and hatchability of quail eggs stored for different periods and incubated at different humidity and temperatures levelsABSTRACT -This study was carried out to evaluate the parameters related to hatchability of fertile eggs of Japanese quails. The eggs were stored for three periods (0, 72, and 144 hours), and incubated at two humidity (55 and 65%) and two temperatures (36.5 and 37.5°C) levels. A complete randomized design with a 3 x 2 x 2 (storage period x humidity x temperature) factorial arrangement was used. Evaluations were performed at 276, 324, 362, and 420 hours of incubation and at hatch moment. There was no significant interaction among the studied variables. Initially, the speed of embryo development was affected by storage period and hatchery temperature, but as incubation period advanced the development was similar in all experimental groups. The embryo mortality, especially in the early phase, was higher in eggs stored for 144 hours and in eggs incubated at 65% of relative humidity, after shell breaking. The eclosion was faster in eggs incubated at 37.5°C, 65% of relative humidity and stored more than 72 hours. The hatchability was higher in the eggs stored until 72 hours. Quail eggs must be incubated at 37.5°C and 55 or 65% of relative humidity and stored until 72 hours.
The study was designed to evaluate the productive consequences of fasting neonatal chicks obtained from strains genetically divergent for growing. Four hundred eight chicks from three strains, 160 from breeders selected for high growth rate and excellent feed conversion ratio (Cobb 500), 160 from breeders not selected for fast growth (JA57), and 160 from a white egg layer strain (Hy-Line W98) were allotted in a 3 (strain) x 2 (fasting period - 8 and 36h after hatching) factorial arrangement with 5 replicates of 16 chicks each. Immediately after hatching, all chicks had similar (P>0.05) relative yolk sac weights (14.13%, 14.50%, and 15.49% for Hy-Line, Cobb, and JA57, respectively). The yolk sac retractions were proportionally higher for Cobb and JA57 chicks up to 144 h (6 days) after placement, but were not influenced by 36h of feed fasting. At 7 and 14 days of age only Cobb chicks had their body weight and weight gain significantly (P<0.05) depressed by 36h feed fasting after hatching. Results indicate that broiler chicks with intense initial growth rates (Cobb 500) need an outstanding nutritional supply, either from exogenous (feed) or endogenous (residual yolk) sources, to achieve a final weight compatible with their genetic constitution. For slow-growing chicks (Hy-Line), nutritional supplementation via yolk sac seems to be more important than exogenous supply (feed) of nutrients during the neonatal period
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