Several studies have been carried out on the application of titanium in plant nutrition in recent decades. They indicate that this element has a positive effect on crop phenological events such as germination, root formation, vegetative growth, maturation, as well as resistance to biotic or abiotic stress conditions and general crop health status. Titanium has also been reported to boost the uptake of macro and micronutrients, enzymatic activity in plants, and consequently increase yield. Therefore, pioneering studies of foliar applications of titanium in potato crops are being carried out in Brazil. They demonstrate that titanium reduces urease enzyme activity, but increases peroxidase and nitrate reductase activity during potato growth. During tuberization, there is a positive correlation between superoxide dismutase & peroxidase enzyme activity and titanium application. Although the results are promising, more data is needed regarding the effects of this element on crop performance. This review describes the characteristics of this element and reports innovations regarding its use in plant nutrition.

New strategies for sugarcane production have been very important since the incorporation of ethanol in the Brazilian energy mix in the early 1970s. Prior to planting sugarcane, the soil is prepared, and this process can affect root development and, consequently, sugarcane production. This study was conducted in an area of sugarcane crop renewal in the Cerrado biome (Brazilian tropical savanna), with the objective of identifying which tillage system generates the better root development and improved yield in sugarcane. The treatments were: 1) weed desiccation + moldboard plowing (0.4 m) + mild spike tooth harrowing (0.15 m); 2) subsoiler (0.3 m) + mild spike tooth harrowing (0.15 m); 3) weed desiccation + no-tillage (furrow opening and fertilizer); 4) weed desiccation + subsoiler (0.4 m); 5) ratoon destruction + subsoiler (0.4 m); 6) ratoon destruction + spike tooth harrowing (0.2 m) + moldboard plowing (0.4 m) + mild spike tooth harrowing (0.15 m). Characteristics of the sugarcane root system, such as the root length density, average distance between roots, and root soil exploration, after the first harvest (1.5 years) were studied. Root length density was greater for the treatments that included plowing (0.4 m) and harrowing (0.15 m) operations. The average distance between roots was low in the no-tillage system. The highest sugarcane yield in the plant crop was achieved by management practices with more extensive soil profile disturbances, like plowing followed by harrowing.

A melhor unidade territorial para planejamento de recursos hídricos é a bacia hidrográfica. As organizações das atividades produtivas, dos espaços de conservação ambiental, dos equipamentos e de suas tendências devem considerar a bacia hidrográfica. Esse procedimento orienta o ordenamento territorial, ações de regulação, definidos nos processos de governança. Todos os setores envolvidos devem participar do Planejamento e da Gestão da Bacia Hidrográfica. Há conflitos, que são ferramentas importantes para o desenvolvimento e inovações como indutores da negociação e do diálogo entre partes envolvidas. A Lei 9433/97 tornouse instrumento que estimula a implantação da governança na gestão das bacias hidrográficas. Esta ótica é explorada, reconhecendo que planejamento e gestão são essencialmente políticas. Falta de governança é consequência de fragilidades nos Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas não cumpridores de suas responsabilidades por falta de apoio governamental, do despreparo e engajamento de seus componentes, ou por subserviência a interesses de setores de usuários. A Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos fica relegada a papel secundário, não se efetivando. Os Poderes Públicos não assumiram a água como centro de suas políticas de desenvolvimento. São feitas algumas considerações visando o desenvolvimento da sociedade conhecedora dos problemas ocasionados pelos impactos ambientais e consequentemente sociais. A VISÃO GOVERNAMENTAL DO PLANEJAMENTO TERRITORIALAo se trabalhar o Planejamento Territorial e é exatamente o que acontece quando se pretende realizar o Planejamento de uso de Bacias Hidrográficas, torna-se importante conhecer a compreensão do governo central (União) a respeito do assunto. Tal conhecimento esclarece se há disposição para construir a governança dos territórios.O ordenamento territorial é a regulação das ações que têm impacto na distribuição territorial da população, nas atividades produtivas, nos espaços de conservação ambiental, dos equipamentos e de suas tendências, assim como a delimitação de territórios, segundo uma visão estratégica do Ministério da Integração Nacional, que ainda considera ofertas e restrições sujeitas a uma articulação institucional e negociação de múltiplos atores.Sob uma perspectiva normativa e estratégica o ordenamento territorial é entendido como um conjunto de arranjos formais, funcionais e estruturais que caracterizam o espaço, associado ao processo social, econômico, político e ambiental que lhe deu origem. Trata-se de um ordenamento territorial que adota o planejamento com base na concepção que cabe ao Estado definir quais são os interesses dos cidadãos.Dentro destes conceitos governamentais, pode-se entender que o território seria então fornecido ao cidadão. Mas, deixa-se de pensar o território como sendo resultado da construção social. Alguns dos princípios estabelecidos para cumprimento da concepção de ordenamento territorial permitem a caracterização do modelo considerado pelo governo federal. Leva-se ao entendimento de que no território se deve ser promovida a...

The combined application of organic fertilizer with mineral fertilizer increases the yield of sugarcane. It promotes greater residual beneficial effect in relation to the use of each fertilizer in isolation. The organo-mineral fertilizer presents gradual solubilization during the period of development of the crop. Thus, when compared to soluble mineral sources, its agronomic efficiency may be higher. Various types of organic material can be used, such as pig manure, poultry litter, filter cake and sewage sludge, among others. Organic matter is responsible for maintaining and increasing soil porosity to improve water retention and to ensure soil microbial balance. The efficiency in nourishing the sugarcane crops or availing the available nutrients is maximized. The use of biostimulants in world agriculture has achieved significant growth rates in the last decades. Hormone compounds ensure the sustainability of crops. It can be an alternative to improve plant nutrition, support of abiotic and biotic stresses. They act in the activation and potentiation of the metabolism of the cells, give more vigor to the immune system and help to enable the physiological processes in the different stages of development. The emergence and use of new technologies is the way to achieve greater productivity, sustainability and profitability.

The response of potato plants to organo-mineral fertilization is still poorly understood. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate absorption and extraction of micronutrients by Agata potato cultivar in winter crop. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Cristalina, Goiás state, Brazil, from May 26 to August 29 of 2012. The experimental design was a randomized block with five organo-mineral fertilizer rates, one mineral fertilizer rate (control) and four replications for each treatment. The results demonstrated that the mean total absorption of micronutrients by potato plants for the organo-mineral treatments was higher relative to the mineral treatment; and also that micronutrients were absorbed in the following order: Fe> Zn>Mn> Cu> B, in relation to total amounts. The average export of micronutrients in potato plants treated with organo-mineral fertilizer was 28%, 37%, 25%, 8% and 17% for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn (respectively)relative to total amounts absorbed by the plants.

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Diatraea saccharalis, (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) em cana-deaçúcar de segundo corte fertilizada com organomineral de lodo de esgoto e bioestimulante Diatraea saccharalis, (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in second-cut sugarcane fertilized with sewage sludge organomineral and biostimulant

Successful establishment of a rubber tree plantation may be affected by the initial soil management at the time of planting. However, research on the longterm development of rubber tree plantations and initial soil treatment is scarce. Thus, this study evaluated agronomic characteristics, organic carbon and its stock and their relation to soil attributes in a 32-year-old rubber tree plantation. The experiment adopted a randomized block design with two rubber tree clones (RRIM 600 and FX 2261) and five planting systems (P1: 0.4 x 0.6 m planting hole; P2: 0.35 x 0.4 m planting hole; P3: 0.45 x 0.45 m furrow; P4: 0.35 x 0.8 m planting hole; P5: 0.25 x 0.5 m planting hole) with four replications. The trunk circumference at breast height, height of first bifurcation, bark thickness, total organic carbon in litterfall and carbon stocks in soil were evaluated. The planting systems used for the rubber trees and clones did not influence the trunk circumference at breast height or height of first bifurcation. The bark thickness of FX 2261 was greater than that of RRIM 600. The soil's physical attributes were not affected by different planting systems or clones. The soil of the rubber tree plantation includes significant amounts of carbon absorbed from the atmosphere as CO 2 .