ResumoAtualmente, é quase consenso que mudanças climáticas estão acontecendo e, provavelmente, se intensificarão no futuro. Com isso, os testes estatísticos para detecção de tendências em séries de observações de variáveis hidrológicas tornaram-se ferramentas importantes para a construção e melhoramento dos modelos de predição e de planos de preparação da sociedade para os possíveis impactos causados por eventos extremos. Sob este foco, o presente artigo busca discutir uma metodologia proposta recentemente para a detecção de tendências, à luz dos erros do tipo I e II associados a testes de significância estatística, e comparar com o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Kendall, complementado pelo estimador de declive de Sen. Contempla, ainda, um estudo de caso nas três principais séries de precipitações diárias máximas anuais do estado do Acre, Brasil. Os resultados evidenciaram tendência significativamente crescente apenas para a série de observações localizada em Tarauacá, um dos municípios do estado em questão, e que dispõe de uma estação meteorológica de referência. Palavras-chave: detecção de tendências, erros do tipo I e tipo II, séries de precipitações máximas. Detecting Monotonous Time Trends as Related to Type I and Type II Errors: Case Study in Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation Series Observed in the State of Acre AbstractClimate changes are taking place and will probably be reinforced in the future. In such a context, statistical tests for detecting trends in time series of hydrologic observations are certainly important tools for building and improving prediction models and societal preparedness plans to deal with possible impacts from extreme events. This paper focuses on discussing a recent method proposed for detecting monotonous trends in time series by accounting for both type I and type II errors, and comparing its results with the conventional Mann-Kendall nonparametric test, as complemented by Sen slope estimator, following application to the three main series of annual maximum daily rainfall observed in the Brazilian state of Acre. The results point out a significant increasing tendency for the series observed at the raingauge of Tarauacá.

ABSTRACT:The verification of temporal trends in historical series and the frequency analysis of maximum precipitations events are important for the understanding of the dynamics of the hydro-meteorological processes. In this context, this study aimed at verifying series trends in the observed data from the annual maximum monthly precipitations in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre State, Brazil, registered at 82704 station (7°38'S; 72°40'W) operated by the National Meteorological Institute, besides performing the frequency analysis through Gumbel probabilistic distribution for the maximum events. The results obtained through Mann-Kendall test suggest a light increasing temporal trend; however, it converges on rejecting the hypothesis of a significant trend, at the significance level of 5%, considering the analysis between 1971 and 2013. Regarding the frequency analysis, it was shown that Gumbel's distribution was appropriate to represent the maximum precipitation, through the adherence obtained by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and the Chi-Square tests, to 5% probability.Keywords: maximum precipitation series, trend verification, probability distribution.Tendência temporal e frequência de precipitações máximas em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre RESUMO: A verificação de tendências temporais em séries históricas e a análise de frequência da ocorrência de eventos de precipitações máximas são importantes para o conhecimento da dinâmica dos processos hidrometeorológicos. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar tendências em séries de dados observados de precipitações totais mensais máximas anuais em Cruzeiro do Sul, no estado do Acre, registrados na estação 82704 (7°38'S; 72°40'W), operada pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, além de realizar a análise de frequência, por meio da distribuição de probabilidades de Gumbel para eventos máximos. Os resultados obtidos por meio do teste de Mann-Kendall sugerem leve tendência temporal ascendente, porém, convergem para a não aceitação da hipótese de tendência significativa, ao nível de significância 5%, considerando-se análise compreendida entre os anos de 1971 e 2013. Quanto à análise de frequência, evidenciou-se que a distribuição de Gumbel foi apropriada para representar as precipitações máximas, por meio da aderência obtida pelos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e do Qui-Quadrado, a 5% de probabilidade.Palavras-chave: séries de precipitações máximas, verificação de tendências, distribuição de probabilidades.Recebido em novembro/2015; Aceito em fevereiro/2016.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonosis caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis that affects domestic and wild animals. In Brazil, there are no epidemiological studies on tuberculosis in wild animal populations and their possible role in the disease maintenance in cattle herds; thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of tuberculosis in wild boars in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Tissue samples of animals hunted under government consent were submitted to histopathology and M. bovis polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as screening tests; the positive samples were subsequently submitted to bacterial isolation, the gold standard diagnosis. Eighty animals were evaluated, of which 27.9% and 31.3% showed histopathological changes and M. bovis genome presence, respectively. Moreover, 23.8% of the animals had at least one organ with isolates classified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Three hunting points were risk factors for positive results on screening tests. This study shows the occurrence of tuberculosis in a wild boars' population, and raise the possibility of these animals to play a role as disease reservoirs in southern Brazil. These results may help to improve the Brazilian tuberculosis control programme, as well as elucidate the circulation of mycobacteria in this country.

4RESUMO -Com o objetivo de avaliar a seletividade de diferentes herbicidas a dez genótipos de milho-pipoca em Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, realizou-se a aplicação de herbicidas em dosagem máxima recomendada (atrazine + S-metolachlor + extravon -1,665 + 1,035 kg ha -1 i.a. + 0,1%; foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron + hoefix -45,0 + 3,0 g ha -1 i.a. + 0,5%; mesotrione + óleo mineral -192 g ha -1 + 0,5%; tembotrione + óleo mineral -240 mL ha -1 + 0,5%) e um tratamento sem aplicação de herbicida, em esquema fatorial 5 x 10 x 5. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Aos 2, 4, 8, 12 e 20 dias após aplicação (DAA) foram avaliados sintomas visuais de fitotoxicidade. Aos 36 DAA foram avaliados a altura das plantas e o diâmetro do caule, e aos 39 DAA, a área foliar e a massa seca da parte aérea. Entre os tratamentos, os mais seletivos às variedades testadas foram os herbicidas atrazine + S-metolachlor, aplicados em pré-emergência; no entanto, atrazine + S-metolachlor, mesotrione e foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron, aplicados em pós-emergência, causaram elevados níveis de fitotoxicidade às plantas de milho-pipoca, sendo as variedades Beija-Flor, Pr-023, SE-013, Angela, PA-038 e UFV extremamente sensíveis a esses produtos.Palavras-chave: seletividade , manejo de herbicida, Zea mays.ABSTRACT -Aiming to evaluate the selectivity of different herbicides to 10 genotypes of popcorn in Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, herbicides were applied at the recommended maximum dosage (atrazine + S-metolachlor + extravon 1.665 + 1.035 kg ha -1 i.a. + 0.1%; foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron + hoefix 45.0 + 3.0 g ha -1 i.a. + 0.5%; mesotrione + mineral oil 192 g ha -1 + 0.5%; tembotrione + mineral oil 240 mL ha -1 + 0.5%) and a treatment without herbicide in a factorial scheme 5 x 10 x 5. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Visual phytotoxicity symptoms were evaluated at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 20 days after application (DAA). Plant height and stem diameter were evaluated at 36 DAA, and leaf area and dry mass of the aerial part at 39 DAA. The treatments found to be the most selective to the tested varieties were atrazine + S-metolachlor, applied in pre-emergence; however, atrazine + S-metolachlor, mesotrione and foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron, applied in post-emergence, caused high levels of phytotoxicity to the popcorn plants, with the varieties Beija-Flor, Pr-023, SE-013, Angela, PA-038 and UFV being extremely sensitive to these products.

Introduction: Snakebites are considered a neglected tropical disease in many countries in Latin America, including Brazil. As few studies have assessed snakebites in the Amazon region and especially in the state of Acre, epidemiological studies are of great importance. The present study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of snakebites in the Rio Branco region, observing their characteristics in rural and urban areas and their correlation with rainfall and river outflow. Methods: This retrospective, descriptive study analyzed epidemiological information obtained from snakebite notifications registered on the Information System for Notifiable Diseases that occurred from March, 2018 to February, 2019. The cases of snakebite were correlated with rainfall and flow. Results: A total of 165 cases of snakebite were registered in the period. Most cases were caused by Bothrops and affected mainly individuals of the male sex who were between 21 and 30 years old. Most of the snakebites occurred in Rio Branco (71.52%; 29 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). Of these, 60.2% occurred in the urban area and 39.8% in the rural area and the majority occurred during the rainy season. Conclusions: Although studies have shown that a majority of cases occur in rural areas, in this study, urbanization of snakebites was observed. The Bothrops genus was responsible for the highest number of snakebites and, during the rainy season, bites occurred more frequently. Educational prevention campaigns, population advice, and first aid in case of snakebites for the population are thus suggested.

The objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis of stationary behavior in the streamflow regime of the upper Juruá river. For this purpose, annual maximum daily flow data recorded at stations located in Cruzeiro do Sul and Marechal Thaumaturgo, AC, Brazil, were analyzed using Mann-Kendall, Pettitt, and Spearman's Rho tests. The results show sufficient evidence to conclude that in Cruzeiro do Sul flow rates have an ascending temporal behavior, while in Marechal Thaumaturgo it is descending. However, this tendency is not significant (p<0.05), allowing to conclude in favor of the hypothesis of stationarity in the streamflow series of the referred basin. Thus, one of the physical implications associated to the results obtained may be the conclusion that the streamflow regime in the Upper Juruá basin has not changed significantly over time. Key words: stationarity, annual maximum daily flow, Upper Juruá basin. R E S U M O O presente estudo tem o objetivo de investigar a hipótese de comportamento estacionário no regime de vazões do alto rio Juruá. Para tal, foram utilizadas as séries temporais de vazões diárias máximas anuais, gravados nas estações localizadas em Cruzeiro do Sul e Marechal Thaumaturgo, as quais foram analisadas por meio do teste de Mann-Kendall, de Pettitt e do Spearman Rho teste. Os resultados demonstram evidências suficientes para concluir que, em Cruzeiro do Sul, as vazões apresentam comportamento temporal ascendente, enquanto em Marechal Thaumaturgo descendente. Entretanto, tal inclinação não é significativa (p<0,05), permitindo concluir em favor da hipótese de estacionariedade nas séries de vazões da referida bacia hidrográfica. Assim, uma das implicações físicas associadas aos resultados obtidos pode ser a conclusão de que o regime de vazões na bacia do Alto Juruá não sofreu alterações significativas ao longo do tempo. Palavras-chave: estacionariedade, vazões máximas, Bacia do Alto Juruá.

Extreme hydrological events have gained notoriety in recent decades, thus recommended elements of decision-making assistance are important. In this context, this study focused on analyzing the temporal behavior of the maximum rainfall and waterflow recorded in the city of Rio Branco, Acre (Brazil), in addition to analyzing their frequencies, highlighting the reference quantiles and their reported probabilities of recurrence. The results pointed to a linearly upward trend, both for flow and rainfall, but these differences were not statistically significant according to the Mann-Kendall and Spearman Rho tests (α = 5%), leading to the conclusion for the occurrence of changes in hydrological patterns in Rio Branco, although statistically non-significant. However, it is warned to the precocity of attributing the main cause of such changes to either anthropic or natural actions. Regarding frequency analysis, it was found that Gumbel distribution is proper to the adjustment of the studied data, thus, it is possible to determine the lifetime associated with hydrological risk and the useful lifespan of a project aiming at planning actions in the face of the impacts of extreme events, especially in a scenario of severe floods.

Due to randomness in the occurrence of hydrological phenomena, the estimation of probable rain precipitation in a given region is important in assisting decision-making. This work aimed to adjust the probabilistic model of the Gamma distribution to the monthly and annual rainfall totals recorded in the city of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, for the period between 1970 and 2019, in addition to estimating the expected values at different probability levels. Using the maximum likelihood method, the distribution parameters were estimated, with adherence ratified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results showed that the Gamma distribution was adequate to adjust the data; the region has two well-defined periods in its rainfall pattern; the mean precipitation values recorded in the locality are between 25% and 40% of probability. Finally, probable rainfall values were presented at different probability levels for the city of Cruzeiro do Sul.