IntroducciónTambién llamada phycomicosis o zigomicosis, (aunque este segundo término es más amplio y engloba además a infecciones causadas por Entomophtorales), es una afección causada por hongos saprófítos aeróbicos, generalmente no pató-genos para el hospedero inmunocompetente 1,2 . El desarrollo de enfermedad depende del estado inmune del huésped; los macrófagos y neutrófilos parecen ser el componente primario de la respuesta inmune contra estos microorganismos, previniendo la germinación de las esporas inhaladas 3 . El sello de la mucormicosis es la invasión vascular por hifas que conduce a la trombosis arterial, infarto secundario, trombosis venosa y hemorragia consecuente. Las razones de la afinidad del hongo por el tejido vascular son desconocidas y materia de especulación 2,5 . Los hongos del Orden Mucorales son microorganismos no fastidiosos que crecen en un rango de temperatura de 25 a 55° C, aeróbicos y demoran 2 a 5 días en formar colonias visibles a ojo desnudo. Las colonias tienen aspecto lanudo, a menudo parecen tenues puntos negros. Las especies de estos géneros desarrollan estolones, rizoides (en Rhizopus, Absidia y Rhizomucor) y el esporangio contiene en su extremo miriadas de esporangiosporas de 3-6 mm de diámetro cada una, que sirven como la forma de diseminación al medioambiente. La observación directa del tejido extraído, tratado con KOH al 10%, permite apreciar formas irregulares, hifas características largas y con ancho de 10 a 30 mµ, no septadas, que adoptan a menudo formas curvas o de cintas ramificadas en ángulo recto ( Etiología Mucormycosis in PediatricsMucormycosis is an infrequent infection caused by opportunistic fungi belonging to the Mucorales order; Mucoraceae family, whose characteristics are vascular invasion by hyphae, which determine thrombosis and tissue infarction. In generally affects patients with underlying diseases and produces serious invasive and often fulminant infections. Some of the risk factors leading to mucormycosis are diabetic ketoacidosis, immunosuppressive therapy, leukemia and lymphomas with prolonged neutropenia. Various clinical presentations are described, relating to anatomical site involved, being the rhinocerebral site, the most frequent one, specially in diabetic patients. Although this infection has a high morbidity and mortality, its prognosis has improved the last years, relating to therapeutic measures like correction of predisposing conditions, use of amphotericin B and early aggressive surgery. It is very important to suspect this infection in patients with predisposing conditions so an early diagnosis can be made.
Selective treatment of febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients Management of pediatric patients with cancer and febrile neutropenia (FN) requires appropriate identification of children at high or low risk of acquiring invasive bacterial infections (IBI), in order to implement selective treatment strategies. Based on international and our own research experience, we propose recommendations for diagnostic screening and management of children with cancer and FN according to their risk of IBI. All pediatric patients with FN must be admitted to hospital for at least 24 hours. During this period clinical and laboratory evaluations are aimed to determine their risk of IBI and to identify potential infectious focii. High risk patients should be managed in the hospital until recovery. Low risk patients can be managed as outpatients. Antimicrobial selection and possible adjustments to therapy will depend on the identification of an infectious focus, and/or local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns. Patients will require periodic clinical and laboratory reevaluation (day 3, 5 and 7 of evolution or more frequently if clinically indicated) irrespective of their risk category; response to treatment can be defined as favorable or unfavorable based in preestablished clinical and laboratory criteria in order to monitor the success of selected strategies.
Clindamycin inducible resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Background: The increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections has limited the use of efective available antibiotics. Clindamycin, an alternative against MRSA, might have inducible resistance that is not detected by common antibiograms. The disk diffusion method (D-test) detects the inducible resistance. Objetive: To establish the frecuency of inducible resistance in MRSA from blood and secretion samples obtained from hospitalyzed patients. Methods: Prospective and descriptive research, including MRSA positive blood and secretion samples from patients of Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, between July 2005-July 2006. A D-test was performed to the samples. Results: 220 MRSA samples were obtained and D-test was performed on 155 of them. 80% of the samples came from tracheobronquial secretion and 90% had used antibiotics. From all analyzed MRSA isolates, 32 (20.6%) were Clindamycin susceptible and 14 (43.8%) had Clindamycin inducible resistance (D-test+). Conclusions: A high percentage of MRSA Clindamycin resistant was found. From MRSA Clindamycin susceptible, 43.8% had Clindamycin inducible resistance (D test+). D-test was implemented in the Microbiology Laboratory at Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, allowing the identification of MRSA isolates suceptible to Clindamicyn treatment.
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