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This study examined the intergenerational transmission of implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking, as well as the role of these attitudes in adolescents' smoking initiation. There was evidence of intergenerational transmission of implicit attitudes. Mothers who had more positive implicit attitudes had children with more positive implicit attitudes. In turn, these positive implicit attitudes of adolescents predicted their smoking initiation 18-months later. Moreover, these effects were obtained above and beyond the effects of explicit attitudes. These findings provide the first evidence that the intergenerational transmission of implicit cognition may play a role in the intergenerational transmission of an addictive behavior. Keywords intergeneration transmission; implicit attitudes; explicit attitudes; smokingThe attitude construct has long been considered to be central in social psychology theory and research (Allport, 1954). The major reason for this importance is that attitudes reflect evaluative associations to objects and people and are generally useful in predicting approach-avoidance behaviors toward those objects and people. Despite some earlier questions about the ability of attitudes to predict behavior (Wicker, 1969), once certain conceptual and measurement issues were taken into account, attitudes have, in fact, proven to be useful predictors of behavior (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977;Fazio & Zanna, 1981;Kraus, 1995).However, attitude measures have not been equally accurate or useful in predicting all types of behaviors. With regard to paper and pencil explicit measures of attitudes, these measures often fail to predict certain behaviors because of concerns with norms and social desirability, which influence self-reports (Crosby, Bromley, & Saxe, 1984;Crowne & Marlowe, 1960;Nosek, 2005). For this reason, in recent years, implicit measures of attitudes have been developed that are not as susceptible to social desirability concerns. These measures reflect more automatic evaluative associations that are not under conscious control and thus do not show distortions in a socially desirable direction. Thus, for example, far more racial or gender prejudice is *Address Correspondence to: Steven J. Sherman, Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1101 E. 10 th St., Bloomington, sherman@indiana.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. , 1997;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). For such controversial issues, these implicit measures have successfully predicted behavior better than have paper and pencil measures (Ashburn-Nardo, Knowle...

Economic declines and their associated stress, shortage of financial resources, and changes in available time can impair health behaviors. This study tested the association between change in working hours, change in employment status, and financial strain and health behaviors measured after the 2008 recession after controlling for pre-recession levels of the health behaviors. The moderating influences of demographic factors and pre-recession levels of the health behaviors on the association between change in working hours and employment status and financial strain and the health behaviors were also tested. Participants (N = 3984) were from a longitudinal study of a U.S. Midwestern community-based sample. Regression analyses tested the unique relations between change in hours worked per week, change in employment status, and financial strain and five health behaviors over and above demographic factors and pre-recession levels of the same behavior. Models included predictor by covariate interactions. Participants who reported higher levels of financial strain engaged in lower levels of all but one of the five health behaviors, but there were no significant main effects of a change in the number of hours worked per week or change in employment status. Significant interactions revealed moderation of these relations by demographic characteristics, but findings differed across health behaviors. Financial strain negatively affected engagement in multiple healthy behaviors. Promoting the maintenance of healthy behaviors for disease prevention is an important public health goal during times of economic decline.

We report two cases of lower-extremity furunculosis caused by Mycobacterium mageritense. Both patients were patrons of the same nail salon, where they received footbaths prior to pedicures. M. mageritense bacteria isolated from two whirlpool footbaths were determined to be closely related to the patient isolates by pulsedfield gel electrophoresis.

The current study tested implicit and explicit attitudes as prospective predictors of smoking cessation in a Midwestern community sample of smokers. Results showed that the effects of attitudes significantly varied with levels of experienced failure to control smoking and plans to quit. Explicit attitudes significantly predicted later cessation among those with low (but not high or average) levels of experienced failure to control smoking. Conversely, however, implicit attitudes significantly predicted later cessation among those with high levels of experienced failure to control smoking, but only if they had a plan to quit. Because smoking cessation involves both controlled and automatic processes, interventions may need to consider attitude change interventions that focus on both implicit and explicit attitudes.