1 Introduction Global energy demand is predicted to exceed 30 TW by 2050, about double the present value [1]. This predicament, known as the TeraWatt challenge, and concern over anthropogenic climate change, resource availability ("peak energy") and energy security have all increased the interest in renewable energy (hydroelectric, wind, solar, geothermal and biomass) [2]. One of the most promising renewable energy technologies is solar photovoltaics (PV) which convert sunlight directly into electrical energy. Although the resource potential of PV is enormous, it currently constitutes a small fraction (<1%) of global energy supply [2]. One of the main factors limiting the widespread adoption of PV is its low energy density, low efficiency, and relatively high cost in comparison to other energy technologies. This means that current PV technology can only compete in areas of high insolation or by government incentives such as feed-in tariff programs.One of the most relevant metrics for PV devices is the power conversion efficiency (PCE); that is, the efficiency with which sunlight can be converted to electrical power. A significant effort in PV research today aims to improve PCE while simultaneously reducing (or, at least, not significantly impacting) production cost. The vast majority of

The aims of this study are to find out and to analys: (1) the influence of spiritual intelligence on organizational citizenship behavior; (2) the influence of leadership on organizational citizenship behavior; (3) the influence of organizationan culture on organizational citizenship behaviorThe population included all employees of Islamic Bank in Makassar City. There were 178 samples determined by using Slovin formula. The samples were selected in two stages: proportional and purposive sampling. The data were analyzed by using path analysis with the AMOS 21 program. The results show that: spiritual intelligence has a positive and significant influence on organizational citizenship behavior; leadership has a positive and significant influence on organizational citizenship behavior; organizational culture has a positive and significant influence on organizational citizenship behavior. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis: (1) pengaruhkecerdasan spiritual terhadap organizational citizenship behavior, (2) pengaruh kepemimpinan terhadap organizational citizenship behavior, (3) pengaruh budaya organisasi terhadap organizational citizenship behavior. Penelitianini bersifat deskriptif. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh karyawan Bank Umum Syariah di Kota Makassar. Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 178 orang dengan menggunakan rumus Slovin.Pengambilan sampel dilakukan melalui dua tahap yaitu sampel proportional dan sampel purposif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan teknik analisis jalur melalui program AMOS 2 .Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kecerdasan spiritual berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap organizational citizenship behavior, kepemimpinan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap organizational citizenship behavior, budaya organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap organizational citizenship behavior

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We report fabrication methods, including metal masks and dry etching, and demonstrate highly ordered vertical gallium arsenide nanowire arrays. The etching process created high aspect ratio, vertical nanowires with insignificant undercutting from the mask, allowing us to vary the diameter from 30 nm to 400 nm with a pitch from 250 nm to 1100 nm and length up to 2.2 μm. A diameter to pitch ratio of ∼68% was achieved. We also measured the reflectance from the nanowire arrays and show experimentally diameter-dependent strong absorption peaks resulting from resonant optical mode excitations within these nanowires. The reflectance curves match very well with simulations. The work done here paves the way towards achieving high efficiency solar cells and tunable photodetectors using III–V nanowires.

Periodic arrays of self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires (NWs) were grown on Si substrates by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GS-MBE) using patterned oxide templates. The various challenges of the patterning process that result in undesired outcomes are described, such as pattern transfer by wet/dry etching, oxide thickness variations, and native oxide re-growth. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results are used to illustrate each case. In particular, we show that a linearly increasing length-radius distribution, analogous to that observed for unpatterned self-catalyzed growth on substrates with thin oxides, may be obtained even when using patterned oxide masks due to an unintended residual layer of oxide, as confirmed by TEM analysis. We explain how a linear length-radius dependence can result from the individual NWs beginning their growth at different times, accompanied by significant radial growth. The spread in obtained NW dimensions was decreased by improving the patterning method.

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We describe methods of Ga droplet consumption in Ga-assisted GaAs nanowires, and their impact on the crystal structure at the tip of nanowires. Droplets are consumed under different group V flux conditions and the resulting tip crystal structure is examined by transmission electron microscopy. The use of GaAsP marker layers provides insight into the behavior of the Ga droplet during different droplet consumption conditions. Lower group V droplet supersaturations lead to a pure zincblende stacking-fault-free tip crystal structure, which improved the performance of a nanowire-based photovoltaic device.

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