This review presents recommended nomenclature for the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), a rapidly growing class of natural products. The current knowledge regarding the biosynthesis of the >20 distinct compound classes is also reviewed, and commonalities are discussed.

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Producer organism No. tested Bacillus cereus 24 B. megaterium 200 B. megaterium 100 B. stearothermophilus 22 B. thuringiensis 24 B. thuringiensis 17 Clostridium botulinum 12 C. perfringens 35 C.perfringens 237 C.perfringens 33 C. sporogenes Clostridium spp. 106 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 441 C. diphtheriae 108 C. fermentans 29 C. pseudodiphtheriae 134 Corynebacterium spp. 308 Corynebacterium spp. 383 Lactobacillus fermenti 121 Lactobacillus spp. 199 Lactobacillus spp. 100 Listeria monocytogenes 8 L. monocytogenes 51 Mycobacterium spp.

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Aims:  To determine whether dosing with bacteriocin‐producing Streptococcus salivarius following an antimicrobial mouthwash effects a change in oral malodour parameters and in the composition of the oral microbiota of subjects with halitosis. Materials and Results:  Twenty‐three subjects with halitosis undertook a 3‐day regimen of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouth rinsing, followed at intervals by the use of lozenges containing either S. salivarius K12 or placebo. Assessment of the subjects’ volatile sulphur compound (VSC) levels 1 week after treatment initiation showed that 85% of the K12‐treated group and 30% of the placebo group had substantial (>100 ppb) reductions. The bacterial composition of the saliva was monitored by culture and PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE). Changes in the PCR‐DGGE profiles occurred in most subjects following K12 treatment. In vitro testing showed that S. salivarius K12 suppressed the growth of black‐pigmented bacteria in saliva samples and also in various reference strains of bacteria implicated in halitosis. Conclusions:  Administration of bacteriocin‐producing S. salivarius after an oral antimicrobial mouthwash reduces oral VSC levels. Significance and Impact of the Study:  The outcome of this preliminary study indicates that the replacement of bacteria implicated in halitosis by colonization with competitive bacteria such as S. salivarius K12 may provide an effective strategy to reduce the severity of halitosis.