Substantial developments have been achieved in the synthesis of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond in recent years, providing engineers and designers with access to a large range of new diamond materials. CVD diamond has a number of outstanding material properties that can enable exceptional performance in applications as diverse as medical diagnostics, water treatment, radiation detection, high power electronics, consumer audio, magnetometry and novel lasers. Often the material is synthesized in planar form; however, non-planar geometries are also possible and enable a number of key applications. This paper reviews the material properties and characteristics of single crystal and polycrystalline CVD diamond, and how these can be utilized, focusing particularly on optics, electronics and electrochemistry. It also summarizes how CVD diamond can be tailored for specific applications, on the basis of the ability to synthesize a consistent and engineered high performance product.
In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a novel and simple approach that uses off-the-shelf optical elements to enhance the collection efficiency from a single emitter. The key component is a solid immersion lens made of diamond, the host material for single color centers. We improve the excitation and detection of single emitters by one order of magnitude, as predicted by theory. © 2010 American Institute of Physics. ͓doi:10.1063/1.3519849͔Over the past decade, solid-state optically active defects have attracted attention owing to the applications in quantum information science. Among the numerous studied color centers in diamond, the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy ͑NV͒ defect is particularly interesting. For the NV center, a variety of applications has been demonstrated, such as diamond-based single photon sources, 1,2 magnetic field sensors, 3,4 and quantum information protocols. 5 Most of these emerging technologies rely on the spin state of NV defects, which can be coherently manipulated with high fidelity, 6 owing to a long coherence time. 7 Moreover, the spin of NV defects can be efficiently read out 8 and coupled to photons through spin-dependent transitions, 9 a key ingredient toward long-distance quantum communications using photons as flying qubits.For all of the above mentioned experiments, the photon collection efficiency is crucial. For single NV defects, this is reduced by the high refractive index of diamond ͑n d = 2.4͒, leading to total internal reflection at the diamond-air interface. The collection efficiency can be enhanced by the guiding emission in photonic nanostructures such as diamond nanowires 10 or by using NV defects hosted in nanocrystals with a size smaller than the emission wavelength.11 In this case, refraction becomes irrelevant, and the defect can be considered as a point source emitting in the surrounding medium. However, the spin properties of NV defects hosted in nanocrystals are often affected by surface defects leading to a short coherence time. 12 To overcome these limitations, we engineer a solid immersion lens ͑SIL͒ directly into the diamond matrix. 13,14 To estimate theoretically the collection efficiency, we assume a single emitter in diamond and use geometrical optics and Fresnel's reflection laws. For a single emitting dipole, the normalized photoluminescence ͑PL͒ intensity I s ͑I p ͒ having s ͑p͒ polarization reads 15 I s = 3 8 ͓1 − sin 2 ͑͒cos 2 ͔͑͒sin 2 ͑͒, ͑1͒where is the emission angle and is the azimuthal angle measured from the dipole axis. We first consider a dipole parallel to a planar diamond surface ͓Fig. 1͑a͔͒ and a collection optic characterized by its numerical aperture ͑NA͒. At the diamond-air interface, the total internal reflection is achieved as soon as Ն TIR = arcsin͑1 / n d ͒Ϸ24.6°. The collection efficiencies s and p are then given bywhere m = arcsin͑NA/ n d ͒ and T s,p are the transmission coefficients of the s and p polarization components through the interface. We now consider a dipole located at the center of a hemispherical diamond ...
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