Water and saline stresses are the main factors affecting agricultural production. Millet is tolerant to these abiotic stresses and cultivated in regions with scarcity of rain and used for the production of grains and pastures. The knowledge of the lifetime of forage plants provides very useful information on cultivation and management of populations. The objective was to evaluate the lifetime of millet under conditions of water and saline stress using survival analysis. The experiment was carried in 48 millet plants submitted the water and saline deficit, for 4 cycles of 105 days. To estimate the lifetime of the millet, we used the survival functions of the probability distributions: exponential, Weibull, Gumbel, log-normal, Gompertz, logistics, Gamma, generalized Gamma, Burr XII and Birnbaum-Saunders and the Kaplan-Meier estimator. The lifetime of 64.6% of the plants was less than 105 days. Using the Kaplan-Meier estimator, 50% of plants survive up to 65th day, using the generalized Gamma and Burr XII survival function this rate occurs on the 75th day. The generalized Gamma and Burr XII survival function are alternatives to estimate the lifetime of millet submitted to conditions of water and saline stress.
Forage plants are considered one of the main factors for livestock development, for they present perennial growth, resistance to drought, adaptation to hot climate regions, and wide soil diversity. The water deficit causes changes in their anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry, which can affect all stages of development and productivity. For these reasons, it is necessary to evaluate the lifetime of forage plants under water stress conditions. The design used was a factorial scheme, consisting of two types of grasses, and five levels of water replacement, with ten replications. During the experimental period, grasses were evaluated daily, with more than 70% of leaf area in senescence being considered a dead plant the one with more than 70% of leaf area in senescence. Urochloa mosambicensis lifetime was of 61 days for grasses that were not irrigated, 131 and 195 days for those that received 25% and 50% of field capacity, and greater than 240 days for those that were irrigated with 75 and 100% of field capacity. Digitaria pentzii lifetime was of 54 days for grasses that were not irrigated, 117 and 152 days for those that received 25 and 50% of field capacity, and greater than 240 days for those that were subjected to water regime 75 and 100% of field capacity. Irrigation with 25 and 50% of field capacity doubles and triplicates, respectively, the lifetime of grasses when compared to plants that did not receive irrigation. Irrigations with 75% or more of field capacity do not promote grass mortality.
Forage cactus is perennial growth plant, resistance to drought adaptation to hot climate regions, being considered important for the development of livestock. In this study objective was estimate the morphometrics measures of forage cactus Giant Sweet clone associate the optimal levels water and salt. Design used was completely randomized, composed of four levels of water replacement, using the crop evapotranspiration (25, 50, 75 and 100%.Etc) and four levels of salinity (0, 2, 4 and 8 dS/m), obtained through the concentrations of (NaCl) salts corresponding to 0, 1.16, 2.32 and 4.64 g/L, respectively. The morphometric measures of cladodes were evaluated 20 times during the experimental period. Response surface was used to estimate the optimal levels water and salt that maximizing the morphometric measures of the cladodes. Water level in range of 54% and 64%, and 3.5 to 5.3 dS/m of saline level promote greater development of the Giant Sweet clone without changing the morphological characteristics of plant, generating greater phytomass yield.
Water and saline stresses are the main factors affecting agricultural production in semiarid regions. The tolerance of forage cactus to water and salt deficit makes it a promising solution, in particular Nopalea cochenillifera. The growth curves for species facing these conditions can provide useful information supporting the cultivation and management of natural populations and carry significant biological importance as growth rate assessment contributes to maintaining species viability. The objective of this study was to estimate the plant height and linear dimensions (length, width, and thickness) of N. cochenillifera Giant Sweet clone growing under water and saline stress. The experiment design was completely randomized, comprising a 4 × 4 factorial, with four water and four salinity levels; there were four replications. In order to estimate plant height in N. cochenillifera Giant Sweet clone as a function of the accumulated thermal sum, generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) were used to determine water level, saline level, length, width, and thickness. We constructed models using four distributions: the Weibull, Gumbel, Logistic, and Box-Cox power exponential distributions. The models were evaluated using global deviation and the generalized Akaike criterion. The Box–Cox power exponential proved to be the most effective in estimating N. cochenillifera height. This model enabled information relevant to practical environmental management to be obtained, as it precisely defined the optimum salt application and the required amount of replacement water, together with the cladode width for each plant growth stage using the accumulated thermal sum.
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