It is known that PSE meat present important functional defects, such as low water holding capacity and ultimate pH, which may compromise the quality of further-processed meat products. In this study, L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values of 500 chicken breast fillets were determined using a portable colorimeter (Minolta, model CR-400) in a commercial processing plant. Fillets were considered pale when their L* was ≥49. Out of those samples, 30 fillets with normal color and 30 pale fillets were evaluated as to pH, drip loss, cooking loss, water holding capacity, shear force, and submitted to sensorial analysis. An incidence of 10.20% PSE meat was determined. Pale and normal fillets presented significantly different (p≤0.05) pH values, L* and a* values, water holding capacity, drip loss, and cooking loss, demonstrating changes in the physical properties of PSE meat. Shear force and sensorial characteristics were not different (p>0.05) between pale and normal fillets. Despite the significant differences in meat physical properties, these were not perceived by consumers in terms of tenderness, aspect, and flavor. The observed incidence of PSE may cause losses due to its low water retention capacity. INTRODUCTIONPoultry meat production has undergone many changes in the last few years. Parts are increasingly sold relative to whole carcasses. Moreover, there is an increasing number of further-processed products, such as nuggets, breaded and other ready-to-cook and ready-to-eat products, available in the market. However, the quality of these products is directly related to the quality of the meat used to prepare them.According to the Brazilian Poultry Association (União Brasileira de Avicultura -UBA, 2008), Brazilian chicken production exceeded the volumes sold in previous years both in the domestic and international markets. Exporters expect to obtain significant increase in sales, particularly as new markets are opened. One of the factors that allowed Brazil to become the largest global chicken meat exporter in terms of revenue was the increase in the sales of chicken parts and further-processed products, which have higher added value.A significant proportion of chickens is deboned for breast exports, and consequently, meat quality defects, such as PSE (pale, dry, and exudative meat), result in important losses for chicken meat industry. In addition, taking into account the increasing number of further-processed chicken meat products in the last few years, it is essential for processors to have correct information on PSE meat (Komiyama, 2006). PSE meat is a meat quality defect that affects important meat physical properties, such as water holding capacity and ultimate pH, which may reduce the quality of further processed chicken meat products (Komiyama, 2006

RESUMO. Foi estudada a cebolinha Todo Ano, cultivada em solo sem e com 10 t ha -1 de cama-de-frango semidecomposta aplicada em cobertura e com zero, uma e duas amontoas, com duas épocas de colheita. Os tratamentos foram arranjados como fatorial 2 x 3, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. As plantas foram colhidas aos 64 dias após o plantio e aos 40 dias após o corte anterior (104 dias após o plantio). A maior (38,1 cm) e a menor (27,2 cm) altura das plantas foram obtidas no tratamento com e sem cama-de-frango em cobertura e uma amontoa, respectivamente. O maior diâmetro de coleto dos perfilhos foi de 5,92 mm aos 64 dias após o plantio, no tratamento com cama-defrango e sem amontoa e o menor foi de 4,56 mm aos 104 dias após o plantio, no tratamento sem cama-de-frango e com amontoa. A maior produção de massa fresca ocorreu na segunda colheita, em relação à primeira, independente dos fatores em estudo. A melhor renda total foi do tratamento com cama-de-frango e com duas amontoas (R$ 23.511,00), porque teria induzido lucro de R$ 2.611,00 em relação àquele com uma amontoa, que foi o pior dentro dos com cama-de-frango, e de R$ 13.619,00 em relação ao tratamento sem cama-de-frango e sem amontoas, que induziu o maior ganho nos sem cama-de-frango.Palavras-chave: Allium fistulosum, resíduo orgânico, trato cultural, renda bruta.ABSTRACT. Hilling and soil covering in bunching onion yield with two harvests. 'Todo Ano' bunching onion was studied and cultivated in soil without and with covering of semi-decomposed chicken manure in doses of 0 and 10 t ha -1 with 0, 1 and 2 hillings, with two harvest dates. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, in an experimental randomized blocks design, with five replications. Plants were harvested 64 days after planting and 40 days after the last cut (104 days after planting). The tallest (38.1 cm) and the shortest (27.2 cm) plant heights were obtained using treatments with and without covering of chicken manure and one hilling, respectively. The widest diameter of the tiller neck was 5.92 mm at 64 days after planting in with chicken manure treatments and without hilling and the smallest was 4.56 mm at 104 days after planting, in without chicken manure treatment with one hilling. The greatest yield of fresh mass was on the second harvest, in relation to the first, regardless of the studied factors. The best total income was with chicken manure treatment and with two hillings (R$ 23,511.00) because it induced a gain of R$ 2,611.00 in relation to those with one hilling, which was the worst in with chicken manure treatments, and of R$ 13,619.00 in relation to without chicken manure treatment and without hillings which induced the greatest gain in without chicken manure treatments.Key words: Allium fistulosum, organic residue, culture treatment, gross income. IntroduçãoDa cebolinha se utiliza a planta toda, menos as raízes. É planta rica em ferro e em vitaminas A e C, serve como estimulante do apetite, ajuda no combate à gripe e nas doença...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different litter materials on litter compaction, broiler feathering and the incidence of carcass lesions. In the experiment, 3240 one-day-old Ross ® chicks were selected by sex and distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement (two sex and six litter materials). The following litter materials were used: wood shavings, rice husks, chopped Napier grass, 50% sugar cane bagasse plus 50% wood shavings, 50% sugar cane bagasse plus 50% rice husks, and pure sugar cane bagasse. Litter compaction was weekly assessed using a penetrometer. On days 21, 35 and 42 of the experimental period, feathering on the back and legs was scored according to a 0 -10 scale. On day 42, birds were slaughtered and the presence of bruises, scratches and footpad lesions was recorded. Litter material had no effect on bird feathering. Carcass lesions (scratches, bruises and footpad lesions) were influenced by the litter material evaluated. Birds reared on sugarcane bagasse and chopped Napier grass presented more scratches, bruises and footpad lesions than the others. Dermatitis was more evident in birds reared on sugarcane bagasse, chopped Napier grass and the combination of litter materials. It was found that males presented higher incidence of dermatitis and footpad lesions than females. Each litter material presented different compaction degrees, which increased along the experimental period. Sugarcane bagasse, chopped Napier grass and the combination of bedding materials presented the highest degree of compaction, compared with wood shavings and rice husks.

Considering the importance of drinking water and its effect on broiler performance, drinking water quality was studied using six different litter materials. The presence of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli was investigated. The following litter materials were used in the trial: wood shavings, rice husks, chopped Napier grass (Pennisetum pupureum), 50% sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum L.) + 50% wood shavings, 50% sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum L.) + 50% rice husks, and plain sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum L.). A number of 1620 Ross ® one-dayold chicks were reared in 54 pens measuring 4.5 m 2 each, equipped with a bell drinker and a tube feeder. Water samples were collected in sterile tubes on days 28 and 42 of the rearing period, and submitted to the laboratory for analyses. Microbiological data were organized by classes expressed in a logarithm scale, where the lowest contamination corresponds to class 1 and the highest contamination to class 4. Results showed that total coliform contamination was higher on day 28 than in the end of the rearing period, and that E. coli presence was detected during both analyzed periods. The litter materials that presented lower degree of water contamination, predominantly class 1, were sugarcane bagasse and 50% of sugarcane bagasse and 50% of rice husks. INTRODUCTIONPoultry production has grown in Brazil, and since 2007 an average of 10 million tons of chicken meat are annually produced per year, with approximately 70% sold in the domestic market and 30% as exports (UBA, 2008). Broiler production technology has improved during recent years, allowing production growth within the same built area (Proudfoot et al., 1979;Santos et al., 2000;Santos et al., 2005).The aim of using good litter material in broiler production is to prevent the direct contact of the bird with the floor and to promote the absorption of the fecal moisture. The use of appropriate litter also helps maintaining thermal environment balanced as it may reduce fermentation heat production in the rearing environment (Oliveira & Carvalho, 2002). Several materials have been used as litter, such as wood shavings and rice husks, and other materials, such as paper, peanut hulls, and sand have been studied as alternatives to reduce the use of wood and help preventing lumbering (Hernandes et al., 2002;Santos et al., 2000).Animals need to consume sufficient water to satisfy their requirements. However, more important than water quantity is water quality, as the hygienic and physical-chemical quality of drinking water plays a key role in ensuring efficient animal production (Amaral et al., 1999;Li, 2009). Water is involved in every aspect of poultry metabolism and plays an important role in body temperature regulation, food digestion, and body waste excretion (Valias & Silva, 2001 (Abbas et al., 2008;Li, 2009). Bacteria in drinking water may induce health problems, and consequent lack of welfare (Koelkebeck et al., 1999;Manning et al., 2007). Moreover, contaminants in drinking water can leave residues in animal produc...

RESUMOConduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade, a renda bruta e a composição bromatológica dos diferentes órgãos da planta da mandioquinha-salsa Branca , cultivada em dois espaçamentos entre fileiras dentro do canteiro (50 cm e 60 cm) e três espaçamentos entre plantas (15, 20 e 25 cm entre plantas). A colheita foi efetuada aos 238 dias após o plantio. As plantas que foram cultivadas com espaçamento de 25 cm dentro da fileira, independente do espaçamento entre fileiras, apresentaram maior produção de massa fresca (52,16 t ha -1 ) e seca (5,43 t ha -1 ) de folhas. Por outro lado, as cultivadas sob 20 cm entre plantas, independente do espaçamento entre fileiras, resultaram em maiores massas frescas e secas, respectivamente, de 0,62 t ha -1 e 0,24 t ha -1 de rebentos, 1,08 t ha -1 e 0,36 t ha -1 de coroas e 15,14 e 2,36 t ha -1 de raízes comercializáveis, em relação às produções das plantas sob 25 cm. Pelos valores obtidos com os cálculos relativos à renda bruta conclui-se que o produtor de mandioquinha-salsa pode cultivar o clone Branca, utilizando espaçamentos de 50 cm ou 60 cm entre fileiras dentro do canteiro e 20 cm entre plantas dentro das fileiras, o que lhe permitiria obter renda bruta de R$ 83.940,00 ha -1 ou R$ 83.124,00 ha -1 , respectivamente. Os altos teores de resíduos minerais, proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, fibras e valor calórico total dos órgãos das plantas indicam a possibilidade de uso da mandioquinha-salsa para consumo humano e na alimentação animal. Termos para indexação:Arracacia xanthorrhiza, arranjo de plantas, renda, valor nutritivo. ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to evaluate the yield, income and chemical characteristics of the different organs of Branca Peruvian carrot which was cultivated in two spaces among rows of plants per plot (50 cm and 60 cm) and three spaces among plants (15, 20 and 25 cm among plants). Harvest was done 238 days after planting. Plants which were cultivated with spaces of 25 cm among plants, independent of spaces among rows, showed higher fresh (52.16 t ha -1 ) and dried (5.43 t ha -1 ) mass yield of leaves. But, on the other hand, those which were cultivated under spaces of 20 cm among plants, independent of spaces among rows, resulted in more fresh and dried mass, respectively, 0.62 t ha -1 and of 0.24 t ha -1 of shoots, 1.08 t ha -1 and 0.36 t ha -1 of crowns and 15.14 and 2.36 t ha -1 of commercial roots, in relation to yields of plants under 25 cm. From the values obtained with calculus concerning to gross income one allowed to conclude that Peruvian carrot producer can cultivate Branca clone using spaces of 50 cm or 60 cm among rows in plots and 20 cm between plants in rows, what allowed producers to obtain gross income of R$ 83,940.00 or R$ 83,124.00, respectively. The highest contents of mineral residues, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, fibers and total caloric value of plant organs indicate the possibility of using it for human consumption and for animal feeding. INTRODUÇÃOA planta de mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xant...

RESUMOObjetivou-se, no presente trabalho, estudar a resposta produtiva da mandioquinha-salsa 'Amarela de Carandaí', propagada por mudas grandes-MG (22,1 g); médias-MM (14,1 g); pequenas-MP (9,7 g) e muito pequenas-MMP (5,7 g) e cultivada em canteiros com duas-2F e três fileiras-3F de plantas. Foram feitas colheitas aos 211 e 239 dias após o plantio-DAP. Todas as características avaliadas nas plantas, nas duas colheitas, foram influenciadas de forma variável pela interação tamanho das mudas e número de fileiras no canteiro. ), respectivamente, aos 239 DAP. As massas frescas de raízes comerciais representaram apenas 18,31% e 23,08%, aos 211 DAP e 239 DAP, respectivamente, em relação à produção total das plantas. Termos para indexação:Arracacia xanthorrhiza, propágulos, fileiras de plantas no canteiro, ciclo vegetativo. ABSTRACTThe present research aimed to study the productive response of 'Amarela de Carandaí Peruvian carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft), which was propagated by big -MG (22.1 g); medium -MM (14.1 g); small -MP (9.7 g) and very small -MMP (5.7 g) seedlings and cultivated on plots with two (2F) and three (3F) rows of plants. Harvests were accomplished at 211 and 239 days after planting (DAP). Every evaluated plant characteristics from the two harvests were diversely influenced by the interaction between the seedling sizes and the number of rows per plot. The highest height of plants were those from the MP3F treatments, for both dates of harvest, but those harvested at 211 DAP (35.64 cm) showed an extra 4.50 cm in relation to those harvested at 239 DAP (31.14 cm). Fresh matters of leaves were higher for plants from the MG2F treatment (23.86 t ha -1 ), at 211 DAP, and from the MM3F (22.09 t ha -1 ), at 239 DAP. The highest averages of fresh matters of shoots (8.66 t ha -1 ) and of crowns (5.66 t ha -1 ) were obtained from 239 DAP, in relation to those from 211 DAP (7.19 and 4.20 t ha -1 ). The highest yields of commercial roots (11.61 t ha -1 ) and noncommercial roots (5.80 t ha -1 ) were from the MG3F treatment, at 211 DAP and from the MMP2F (14.48 t ha -1 ) and MP3F (5.92 t ha -1 ) treatments, respectively, at 239 DAP. The fresh matter of commercial roots represented only 18.31% and 23.08%, at 211 DAP and 239 DAP, respectively, in relation to total yield of plants.

O trabalho foi desenvolvido no aviário experimental localizado na horta do Núcleo Experimental de Ciências Agrárias (NCA) da UFMS, em Dourados - MS, entre 21 de fevereiro e 3 de abril de 1997. Foram estudadas quatro fórmulas de ração para alimentação de frangos de corte, sendo elas: 1 - 30% ração concentrada (RC) + 70% milho (M); 2 - 30% RC + 15% matéria seca de cará + 55% M; 3 - 30% RC + 15% matéria seca de resíduos de mandioquinha-salsa + 55% M e 4 - 30% RC + 30% matéria seca de cará + 40% M. A unidade experimental foi uma ave e os tratamentos arranjados no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com dez repetições. As matérias secas de cará (mistura de rizomas e tubérculos) e dos resíduos de mandioquinha-salsa (rebentos, coroas e raízes não-comercializáveis) foram obtidas de plantas propagadas na horta do NCA-UFMS e secadas ao sol, em terreiro cimentado. As aves foram pesadas aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias após o início do experimento. As curvas de pesos médios dos frangos foram características para a espécie e as taxas de crescimento foram significativamente dependentes dos tratamentos. Os frangos alimentados com a ração 3 apresentaram peso médio final de 2.113,7 g e conversão alimentar de 2,1186 kg de ração/kg de peso do frango, que foi inferior em 2,2%; 9,7% e 23,9% quando comparada com as dos frangos alimentados com as rações 1, 2 e 4, respectivamente. A maior quantidade de carne a ser realmente consumida - cozida ou assada (com custo/kg de R$ 0,7158 e R$ 0,9825, respectivamente) - foi dos frangos criados com a ração 3. Os frangos alimentados com ração contendo resíduos de mandioquinha-salsa ou cará apresentaram sabor de frango caipira e baixo teor de gordura.

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