Effect of the litter material on drinking water quality in broiler production

Abstract

Considering the importance of drinking water and its effect on broiler performance, drinking water quality was studied using six different litter materials. The presence of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli was investigated. The following litter materials were used in the trial: wood shavings, rice husks, chopped Napier grass (Pennisetum pupureum), 50% sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum L.) + 50% wood shavings, 50% sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum L.) + 50% rice husks, and plain sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum L.). A number of 1620 Ross ® one-dayold chicks were reared in 54 pens measuring 4.5 m 2 each, equipped with a bell drinker and a tube feeder. Water samples were collected in sterile tubes on days 28 and 42 of the rearing period, and submitted to the laboratory for analyses. Microbiological data were organized by classes expressed in a logarithm scale, where the lowest contamination corresponds to class 1 and the highest contamination to class 4. Results showed that total coliform contamination was higher on day 28 than in the end of the rearing period, and that E. coli presence was detected during both analyzed periods. The litter materials that presented lower degree of water contamination, predominantly class 1, were sugarcane bagasse and 50% of sugarcane bagasse and 50% of rice husks. INTRODUCTIONPoultry production has grown in Brazil, and since 2007 an average of 10 million tons of chicken meat are annually produced per year, with approximately 70% sold in the domestic market and 30% as exports (UBA, 2008). Broiler production technology has improved during recent years, allowing production growth within the same built area (Proudfoot et al., 1979;Santos et al., 2000;Santos et al., 2005).The aim of using good litter material in broiler production is to prevent the direct contact of the bird with the floor and to promote the absorption of the fecal moisture. The use of appropriate litter also helps maintaining thermal environment balanced as it may reduce fermentation heat production in the rearing environment (Oliveira & Carvalho, 2002). Several materials have been used as litter, such as wood shavings and rice husks, and other materials, such as paper, peanut hulls, and sand have been studied as alternatives to reduce the use of wood and help preventing lumbering (Hernandes et al., 2002;Santos et al., 2000).Animals need to consume sufficient water to satisfy their requirements. However, more important than water quantity is water quality, as the hygienic and physical-chemical quality of drinking water plays a key role in ensuring efficient animal production (Amaral et al., 1999;Li, 2009). Water is involved in every aspect of poultry metabolism and plays an important role in body temperature regulation, food digestion, and body waste excretion (Valias & Silva, 2001 (Abbas et al., 2008;Li, 2009). Bacteria in drinking water may induce health problems, and consequent lack of welfare (Koelkebeck et al., 1999;Manning et al., 2007). Moreover, contaminants in drinking water can leave residues in animal produc...

Selecting the most adequate bedding material for broiler production in Brazil

“…Although there theoretically are several types of adequate bedding alternatives, many options are often considered to be untenable due to technical restrictions (Macklin et al, 2005;Mayne et al, 2007;Bilgili et al, 2009;Garcia et al, 2010).…”

Effect of litter treatment on growth performance, intestinal development, and selected cecum microbiota in broiler chickens

“…It also helps the thermal insulation, moisture absorption, and reduction of ammonia emissions and serves as a protective barrier from the ground (Bjedov et al, 2013). Litter quality may be the origin of environmental and management problems in the commercial poultry industry (Karamanlis et al, 2008;Garcia et al, 2010) if not properly selected or managed. In broilers, poor growth performance, compromised immune system, and increased incidence of breast burns and blisters, leg abnormalities, and footpad dermatitis have been reported in the literature as partially due to litter condition (Bilgili et al, 1999;Garcia et al, 2010).…”

“…Litter quality may be the origin of environmental and management problems in the commercial poultry industry (Karamanlis et al, 2008;Garcia et al, 2010) if not properly selected or managed. In broilers, poor growth performance, compromised immune system, and increased incidence of breast burns and blisters, leg abnormalities, and footpad dermatitis have been reported in the literature as partially due to litter condition (Bilgili et al, 1999;Garcia et al, 2010). Ideally, the bedding material has to be absorbent, have a reasonable drying time, and be innocuous to poultry and farmers (Grimes et al, 2007), but it also needs to meet hygienic requirements and ensure controlled ammonia concentrations throughout the productive cycle (Villagrá et al, 2011).…”

Effect of wood shaving litter density on the growth, leg disorders and manurial value in broiler

“…Wood shavings are a good litter, and are commonly used as bedding material in broiler production all over the world including Bangladesh. The aim of using good litter material in broiler production is, to prevent the direct contact of the bird with the floor and to promote the absorption of the faecal moisture (Garcia et al, 2010). Many materials have been already examined as alternatives to replace wood shavings as litter materials (Reed & McCartney, 1970;Parsons & Baker, 1985;Santos et al, 2000).…”

Assessment of Broiler Chicken Welfare in Southern Brazil

“…In Brazil, most studies have focused on environmental and managing impacts on animal welfare (Garcia et al, 2010;Menezes et al, 2010;Martins et al, 2013;Carvalho et al, 2014;Lima et al, 2014). However, scientific literature on broiler chicken welfare assessment is scarce in that country, and few studies have been published (Sans et al, 2014;Souza et al, 2015).…”