Salivary gland tumours represent about 6% of head and neck neoplasms and about 0.5% of all malignancies in humans. Tumour growth and malignant transformation are complex processes involving various actions of molecules. Furthermore, some malignant salivary gland tumours are deemed to be caused by dedifferentiation or malignant transformation of benign tumours. The mechanisms of this transformation depend on a variety of different elements, such as cell cycle regulators, oncogenes, proteins, angiogenesis factors, and adipocytokines. The authors used PubMed, Medline, and Google websites to find and review the most significant papers related to malignant transformation in benign salivary gland tumours.
Introduction: Obesity is a chronic fatal disease with still growing incidence among children, adolescents, and adults worldwide. The subclinical inflammatory process together with hipoadiponectinemia may lead to the development of various comorbidities, including cardiovascular complications. That is why, the relationship between adipose tissue activity, obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial function is in high interest and an object of extensively studies. Aim of the study: This article summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-atherogenic effects of adiponectin and its properties to improve endothelial function in obesity-related insulin resistance. Description of knowledge: Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived pleiotropic hormone with anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-diabetic, and insulin-sensitizing actions, is not only engaged in modulation of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension or coronary artery disease, but the latest researches highlight its role in improving vascular wall integrity. It affects complex signaling pathways in endothelial cells and influence inflammatory responses in the subendothelial space. Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that agents leading to increase in adiponectin levels, simultaneously contribute to decrease insulin resistance, and improve endothelial dysfunction. Conclusions: Adiponectin may be a predictive factor of endothelial dysfunctionality and vascular remodeling development in the group of patients with overweight, obesity, and insulin resistance. Discovering pharmacological agents and non-pharmacological interventions that increase the level of circulating adiponectin will become novel and innovative therapeutic strategy to ameliorate obesity-related comorbidities. Therefore, further studies are required to determine the exact role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.
Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disease with a chronic inflammatory background. Smoking behavior is the main environmental factor responsible for the transition of this major extra thyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD) from the subclinical to the overt form. Complete blood count-derived parameters are suggested to be novel inflammatory indices. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios (PLR) with selected clinical parameters and smoking status in 406 GD patients with (n = 168) and without GO (n = 238). The control group consisted of 100 healthy individuals. The activity of GO was graded according to Clinical Activity Score. Significantly higher white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil, and NLR (p < 0.05) values were observed in GD patients with GO compared with those without GO. PLR values were significantly higher in GO patients than in the controls. WBC (6.81 ± 1.56 vs. 5.70 ± 1.23) and neutrophils (3.89 ± 1.06 vs. 3.15 ± 0.95) count was higher in active GO patients than in those with inactive GO. Positive correlation (p < 0.05) between CAS score and WBC, neutrophil and monocyte count, and NLR was found. Smoking was associated with higher WBC (p = 0.040), neutrophil (p = 0.049), PLR (p = 0.032) values. Multivariate analysis revealed that WBC, NLR may be risk factors for GO development. WBC, neutrophil, NLR and PLR values seem to be useful tools in the assessment of inflammation in GD.
Objective: Prolactinomas are the most common type of functional, hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas that account for about 40% of total pituitary adenomas. Typical clinical presentations include loss of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) and galactorrhoea in women and sexual dysfunction in men. Prolactinomas are preferentially treated with dopamine agonists and respond to such therapy with hormonal normalisation and tumour shrinkage. However, about 10–20% of prolactinomas are resistant to dopamine agonists. The management of dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas poses a therapeutic challenge and includes several possible approaches. Design and Methods: In this study, we present a case report of a woman diagnosed with microprolactinoma at the age of 27 who did not fully respond either to treatment with dopamine agonists nor to transsphenoidal surgery. This was followed by a review of literature on the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms, predictors, and management of dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas on the basis of recent scientific literature published up to November 2021 and searches of the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases. Results and Conclusions: The exact mechanisms underlying dopamine agonists’ resistance in lactotroph tumours are not fully understood, yet refractory prolactinomas pose a great challenge in everyday clinical practice. Several predictive factors that contribute to poor response to medical treatment have been identified, among them the elevated Ki-67 index. Recently, various alternative medical treatments have been considered, but their usefulness remains to be evaluated. A return of menses can serve as a first clinical indication of successful medical treatment.
S u m m a r yThis article presents multidirectional effects of capsaicin and its natural derivatives as well as natural and synthetic analogs in term of their therapeutic properties. Active agents present in various Capsicum genus plants exert analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. Furthermore, capsaicin positively influences the metabolism of lipids. Numerous research show that capsaicinoids inhibit proliferation and migration process of cancer cells, what makes them molecules of high interest in oncology. Among broad range of positive activities, we have focused only on those properties that have already found application in medicine or seemed to be the most probably used in the near future. Even if in low or single doses this compound has been reported successful in numerous therapies, the negative consequences of high doses or prolonged administration is also discussed in the review.
This article has been peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance.It is an open access article, which means that it can be downloaded, printed, and distributed freely, provided the work is properly cited.Articles in "Ginekologia Polska" are listed in PubMed.
StreszczenieRozwój cywilizacji i ciągła poprawa jakości życia prowadzi do zmiany w zachowaniach prozdrowotnych. Siedzący tryb życia oraz nadmiar spożywanych kalorii powoduje nadmierny przyrost tkanki tłuszczowej, prowadzący do nadwagi i otyłości. W ciągu ostatnich kilku lat problem ten stale narasta, stając się epidemią XXI wieku w Polsce i na całym świecie. Cel pracy. Porównanie stylu życia dzieci z prawidłową masą ciała oraz dzieci z nadwagą i otyłością. Metody i pomiary. Badaniami ankietowymi objęto 232 dzieci w wieku 2,5-18 lat (80 dzieci z prawidłowa masą ciała i 152 dzieci z nadwagą i otyłością). Wyniki. Stwierdzono większą częstość występowania otyłości u rodziców dzieci z nadmierną masą ciała (60,13%). Dzieci otyłe rzadziej spożywały posiłki w domu w porównaniu z dziećmi z prawidłową masą ciała (62,50% vs. 37,50%) i jadły nieregularnie. Częściej również próbowały zredukować masę ciała (34,87 vs.1,25%) stosując diety niskokaloryczne. Wnioski. Nadwaga i otyłość stwierdzana u rodziców ma duży wpływ na występowanie nadmiernej masy ciała u dzieci. Posiłki przygotowywane i spożywane w domu przyczyniają się do kształtowania dobrych nawyków żywienio-wych.Endokrynol. Ped. 2016.14.1.54.29-35. © Copyright by PTEiDD 2016Key words overweight, obesity, lifestyle Abstract Introduction. The constant development of civilization and the continuous improvement of the quality of life lead to a change in healthy behaviors. A sedentary lifestyle and excess of calories contribute to an increase in fat tissue, leading to overweight and obesity. Over the past few years, this problem has been growing steadily and becoming an epidemic of the 21 st century in Poland and around the world. Objectives. Comparison of the lifestyle of children with normal weight and children with overweight and obesity. Materials and methods. The study included 232 children at the age 2,5-18 years (80 children with normal body weight and 152 children with overweight and obesity). Results. There was a higher incidence of obesity in parents of children with excessive body weight (60.13%) and less physical activity. Obese children rarely ate lunch at home, compared with children with normal weight (62.50% vs. 37.50%), and and had irregular mealtimes. They more often tried to reduce their body weight (34,87 vs.1, 25%) using low--calorie diets. Conclusions. Overweight and obesity observed in the parents has a major impact on the incidence of excessive weight with children. Meals prepared and eaten at home contribute to the development of good eating habits.
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