Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disease with a chronic inflammatory background. Smoking behavior is the main environmental factor responsible for the transition of this major extra thyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD) from the subclinical to the overt form. Complete blood count-derived parameters are suggested to be novel inflammatory indices. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios (PLR) with selected clinical parameters and smoking status in 406 GD patients with (n = 168) and without GO (n = 238). The control group consisted of 100 healthy individuals. The activity of GO was graded according to Clinical Activity Score. Significantly higher white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil, and NLR (p < 0.05) values were observed in GD patients with GO compared with those without GO. PLR values were significantly higher in GO patients than in the controls. WBC (6.81 ± 1.56 vs. 5.70 ± 1.23) and neutrophils (3.89 ± 1.06 vs. 3.15 ± 0.95) count was higher in active GO patients than in those with inactive GO. Positive correlation (p < 0.05) between CAS score and WBC, neutrophil and monocyte count, and NLR was found. Smoking was associated with higher WBC (p = 0.040), neutrophil (p = 0.049), PLR (p = 0.032) values. Multivariate analysis revealed that WBC, NLR may be risk factors for GO development. WBC, neutrophil, NLR and PLR values seem to be useful tools in the assessment of inflammation in GD.
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The purpose of the paper is to identify the degree of impact of key internal and external facilitating factors on the establishment of benchmarking partnership in clusters and also to assess the significance of the differences in the results of a survey conducted in this field in a group of selected cluster enterprises and experts. The purpose of the work determined the research procedure which included indirect research focused on the analysis of literature sources and direct research conducted among selected clusters and experts in the form of a survey. The comparative analysis of the impact indicators of individual facilitating factors leads to the conclusion that for the majority of internal and external factors, the strength of the positive impact on the benchmarking partnership was quite similar in the opinion of both representatives of enterprises and experts.
Magdalena SZYDEŁKO ATRYBUTY I CZYNNIKI SUKCESU PARTNERSTWA PRZEDSIĘBIORSTWBudowanie przez przedsiębiorstwa partnerskich relacji staje się coraz bardziej popularnym sposobem na utrzymywanie przewagi konkurencyjnej. Umiejętność budowania, rozwoju i ciągłego doskonalenia partnerskich relacji na rynku przedsiębiorstw jest obecnie jednym z kluczowych warunków ich skutecznego wzrostu zewnętrznego. Obecnie relacje te są budowane i rozwijane w wielu gałęziach przemysłu. Zarówno w literaturze, jak i w praktyce gospodarczej pojęcie partnerstwa jest różnorodnie interpretowane, co skutkuje jego płynno-ścią terminologiczną.Celem artykułu jest wskazanie kluczowych atrybutów i czynników sukcesu partnerskich relacji między przedsiębiorstwami. Postawiony cel determinuje wybór takich metod badawczych, jak: analiza piśmiennictwa krajowego i zagranicznego oraz wnioskowanie dedukcyjne.W świetle przedstawionych ujęć definicyjnych i atrybutów partnerstwa przyjęto, że partnerstwo przedsiębiorstw to dobrowolne i dynamiczne relacje tworzone dla osiągnięcia wspólnych celów, prowadzące do uzyskania dodatkowych efektów synergicznych i przewagi konkurencyjnej. Specyficznymi cechami tego typu relacji, nazwanymi również atrybutami czy osobliwościami, są przede wszystkim: wzajemne zaufanie partnerów, ich zaangażo-wanie we wspólne działania, wymiana informacji (otwarta i intensywna komunikacja) oraz podział ryzyka i korzyści. Można wyróżnić następujące kluczowe czynniki stymulujące rozwój relacji o charakterze partnerskim: przebieg dotychczasowej współpracy z danym partnerem, pozytywne doświadczenia wynikające ze współpracy z innymi podmiotami, wzajemny szacunek i zaufanie, dążenie partnerów do realizacji jasno określonych celów o charakterze strategicznym, wzajemne dzielenie się informacjami, wspólne rozwiązywanie problemów, zaangażowanie partnerów w budowanie i ciągłe doskonalenie relacji.Słowa kluczowe: partnerstwo, relacje, atrybuty, czynniki sukcesu 1. WPROWADZENIE W obecnych realiach gospodarczych relacje międzyorganizacyjne charakteryzuje wysoka złożoność i zmienność, co niewątpliwie wiąże się z oddziaływaniem różnorodnych czynników o endo-i egzogenicznym charakterze. Nieprzewidywalne i labilne otoczenie, złożone kluczowe warunki rozwojowe współczesnych przedsiębiorstw oraz tempo zmian w gospodarce 2 wymuszają na nich obranie właściwego kierunku rozwoju. Przedsiębiorstwa mogą z jednej strony "próbować działać samodzielnie, z drugiej zaś mogą pójść w kierunku różnego rodzaju form współpracy międzyorganizacyjnej" 3 . Na podstawie obserwacji praktyki
Benchmarking is a response to the needs of contemporary enterprises participating in clusters, that search for solutions to increase efficiency and effectiveness of processes and to improve their competitive advantage. At the same time, the ability to build and develop partnership relations by cluster members is currently one of the key conditions of their external growth. The valid and important field of scientific research is intra-cluster benchmarking partnership. So far, none of the researchers has performed theoretical analyses in terms of the possibility of benchmarking adjustment to the needs of cluster members. The purpose of the paper is to present the essence of benchmarking partnership of cluster enterprises and the concept of mapping of data and information exchange in intra-cluster benchmarking based on partnership. The main research methods are as follows: the analysis of literature sources and deductive reasoning. The selection of the specific field of theoretical considerations and conceptual works has been motivated by the identified knowledge gap within the scope of the indicated elements of the concept of benchmarking partnership of cluster enterprises. In view of the presented definitions of basic conceptual categories closely related to the analysed form of partnership, it has been assumed that the essence of benchmarking partnership of cluster enterprises is a mutually beneficial exchange of information between cluster members, concerning their performance and best practices, according to partnership rules, that leads to improvement of performance of the parties involved in the benchmarking process.
This paper describes a valid, important and interesting scientific issue concerning the interorganizational relations, limited to the theoretical interpretation and attributes of this category. The abilities to build, develop and improve the relations between organizations are currently one of the key conditions of their effective external growth. The theory of inter-organizational relations is a response to the needs of contemporary organizations that intend to develop various forms of cooperation in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the performed processes, achieve additional synergistic effects and to improve their competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to present the essence and attributes of inter-organizational relations in the context of the researchers' dispute concerning the interpretation of this category. The indicated cognitive gap requires a significant epistemological effort and conceptual work. The purpose of the work has determined the research methods, including the analysis of theoretical considerations and results of the research on inter-organizational relations contained in the literature, observation of the economic practice and deductive reasoning. Due to the lack of unanimity of the researchers in defining the inter-organizational relations, the following two meanings of this concept have been proposed: sensu largo and sensu stricto. They have been introduced with reference to the presented definitions of the three concepts: relations, interactions and bonds. Assuming two perspectives in the interpretation of the described category is a new point of view in the continuing dispute of management theoreticians specialized in inter-organizational relations.
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