HighlightsEarly small studies provide mixed evidence for effects of time of vaccination on antibody response.This is the first large scale randomised trial of different times of vaccination.Morning vaccination enhances the antibody response to the influenza vaccine.This simple manipulation is cost neutral and may improve protection from influenza in older adults.

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Participation in a life-style physical activity intervention increased subjective and objective physical activity levels and quality of life but did not affect antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination.