Due
to its wide usage and recent detection in environmental matrices,
hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO–DA, commercial name
GenX) has attracted considerable attention. Here, we explored and
compared the toxicity of GenX and its novel analogs with that of perfluorooctanoic
acid (PFOA) to provide guidance on the structural design and optimization
of novel alternatives to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs).
Adult male BALB/c mice were continuously exposed to PFOA, GenX, perfluoro-2-methyl-3,6-dioxo-heptanoic
acid (PFMO2HpA), and perfluoro-2-methyl-3,6,8-trioxo-nonanoic acid
(PFMO3NA; 0, 0.4, 2, or 10 mg/kg/d) via oral gavage for 28 days. The
PFOA, GenX, and PFMO3NA treatment groups showed an increase in relative
liver weight, and bile acid metabolism was the most significantly
affected pathway in all treatment groups, as shown via weighted gene
coexpression network analysis. The highest total bile acid levels
were observed in the 2 and 10 mg/kg/d PFMO3NA groups. The ratios of
primary bile acids to all bile acids increased in the high-dose groups,
while the ratios of secondary bile acids showed a downward trend.
Thus, bile acid metabolism disorder may be a prominent adverse effect
induced by exposure to GenX, its analogs, and PFOA. Results also showed
that the hepatotoxicity of PFMO2HpA was lower than that of GenX, whereas
the hepatotoxicity of PFMO3NA was stronger, suggesting that PFMO2HpA
may be a potential alternative to GenX.
To improve the safety and electrochemical properties of lithium ion batterie (LIB), a series of novel organic soluble poly(aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) copolymers were synthesized and used to fabricate LIB separators. The PAEK copolymers exhibited superior structural thermal stability and flame retardant, with glass transition temperature (Tg) above 150°C, oxygen index above 30 and no thermal decomposition before 500°C. Accordingly, the fabricated separators exhibited superior dimensional stability. The mechanical properties and electrolyte uptakes of the separators, as well as the electrochemical properties of the cells assembled with the separators were affected by the morphology and porosity of the separators. The separators with sponge‐like structure exhibited less electrolyte uptakes but better mechanical properties than that of the ones with finger‐like structure. The cell with finger‐like structure separator exhibited poorer electrochemical properties than sponge‐like structure separator, which might be caused by the collapse of some finger hole during the assemble process due to its poor mechanical properties. The charge–discharge performances of the cells after treated at 150°C demonstrates that the PAEK separators could be promising candidates for high‐safety LIB.
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