No abstract

Backgrounds: Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease that is difficult to cure and easy to relapse after drug withdrawal. Innate macrophage polarization reprogramming has a considerable impact on psoriasis prognosis. Herein, we introduce a method to ameliorate inflammatory responses based on macrophage membrane-engineered extracellular vesicles. Results: Engineered extracellular vesicles inherited the high stability of M2 macrophage membrane and retained the macrophage reprogramming potential of Annexin A1 overexpressing T cell-derived exosomes. In the psoriasis-like skin mouse model, engineered extracellular vesicles successfully ameliorated inflammatory responses in the skin and spleen with high biosafety. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that the M2 macrophage-like fusogenic extracellular vesicle-delivery platform had high inflammation-regulating ability and provided new insights and potential strategies for immunotherapy.