Malaria adalah suatu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasit yang termasuk dalam anggota spesies dari genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium knowlesi adalah parasit malaria yang ditemukan pada kera ekor-panjang dan ditemukan pertama kali pada tahun 1930 pada spesimen Macaca fascicularis dari Singapura. Pada tahun 2004 dilaporkan terjadi infeksi P. knowlesi pada manusia di Sarawak, Borneo Malaysia dan penemuan ini menjadikan P. knowlesi sebagai spesies parasit malaria kelima yang menginfeksi manusia. Plasmodium knowlesi dapat melangsungkan siklus eritrositiknya dalam waktu 24 jam sehingga dapat menyebabkan progresifitas infeksi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan plasmodium lainnya. Transmisi P. knowlesi yang beralih menginfeksi manusia melibatkan beberapa faktor, baik secara demografis, lingkungan ataupun kebiasaan individu.
The derivative of flavonoid compounds, artocarpin (1) and artonin M (2), were isolated from the root wood of Artocarpus altilis and from the root bark of A. kemando, respectively. Both plants originated from Lampung, Indonesia. The structure of the two compounds has been carefully determined by physical method and spectroscopy techniques of UV, IR, and NMR. The in vivo antimalarial test of artocarpin showed very good Plasmodium activity in female mice, with ED50 value of 34.88 mg/kg body weight (kgBW), whereas the in vitro antimalarial test of artonin M showed very strong activity with IC50 of 0.3 μg/mL (5.967 x 10-7 M).
Artonin E was isolated from the root bark of A. rigida. The isolated compound was then esterified using a known procedure by the addition of acetic anhydride with pyridine catalyst. The structure of the synthesized compound was carefully determined by physical and spectroscopic techniques and compared to the data in the literature. The anticancer activity test against murine leukemia cancer cells P-388 showed that the ester compound has good activity with an IC50 of 2.79 μg/mL and much better stability during storage compared to Artonin E itself.
A xanthone derivative, artonin O(1),has successfully been isolated from root wood of Artocarpus rigida grown in Lampung, Indonesia. The structure of this compound has been carefully determined by some spectroscopy techniques and based on physical data. The antibacterial activity test on this compound towards Bacillus subtilis, showed that it has medium activity.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities and to evaluate the selectivity indices of acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Peronema canescens leaves.
Methods:Antiplasmodial activity was measured in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum strains D10 and FCR3 by 72 h incubation at 37 °C in a candle jar. Parasitaemia was calculated by counting the parasite numbers in thin smears. In vitro cytotoxicity was assayed in Vero cells using 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and reading the absorbency at 595 nm with an ELISA reader. The assessed parameters included: 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of antiplasmodial activity, IC50Results: The IC of cytotoxic activity and the selectivity index of the Peronema canescens leaf extract. 50 values for the acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 26.33±1.65, 37.96±8.17 and 12.26±1.05 μg/ml, respectively, against the Plasmodium falciparum D10 strain and 51.14±8.65, 70.22±14.13 and 34.85±6.04 μg/ml, respectively, against the FCR3 strain. For Vero cells, the IC50
Conclusion:The aqueous extract of Peronema canescens leaves had the highest in vitro antiplasmodial activity and the best selectivity index. values for the acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 23.37±5.63, 629.46±24.85 and 634.00±144.82 μg/ml, respectively. The selectivity indices of these extracts were 0.89, 16.46 and 51.70, respectively, for the D10 strain and 0.46, 8.90 and 18.00, respectively, for the FCR3 strain.
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