A Review : Plasmodium knowlesi

Abstract

Malaria adalah suatu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasit yang termasuk dalam anggota spesies dari genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium knowlesi adalah parasit malaria yang ditemukan pada kera ekor-panjang dan ditemukan pertama kali pada tahun 1930 pada spesimen Macaca fascicularis dari Singapura. Pada tahun 2004 dilaporkan terjadi infeksi P. knowlesi pada manusia di Sarawak, Borneo Malaysia dan penemuan ini menjadikan P. knowlesi sebagai spesies parasit malaria kelima yang menginfeksi manusia. Plasmodium knowlesi dapat melangsungkan siklus eritrositiknya dalam waktu 24 jam sehingga dapat menyebabkan progresifitas infeksi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan plasmodium lainnya. Transmisi P. knowlesi yang beralih menginfeksi manusia melibatkan beberapa faktor, baik secara demografis, lingkungan ataupun kebiasaan individu.

Implementation of One Health Approach for Malaria Zoonotic Control in Indonesia: Past, Present, and Future

“…Several studies have reported that not only established in Malaysia but also, Plasmodium knowlesi transmission has spread to other parts of Southeast Asia such as Thailand [16], Cambodia [17], Myanmar [18], Singapore [19], Indonesia [9], Vietnam [20], and the Philippines. This current situation causes Plasmodium knowlesi, the fifth Plasmodium species that can infect humans besides Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale [4,5].…”

“…Plasmodium knowlesi is transmitted to vectors with the help of Anopheles mosquitoes, such as Anopheles latens (Sarawak), Anopheles balabacencis (Sabah), Anopheles cracens (Peninsular Malaysia), and Anopheles leucosphyrus (Indonesia). The natural hosts of Plasmodium knowlesi are Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis, and P. melalophus [3,4,5].…”

“…Lack of proper diagnostic method 9). The system of prevention and control of this disease is still very limited [4,21,22,23]. The above risk factors are the triggers for increasing zoonotic cases in Indonesia.…”

“…However, the lack of consideration of disease-specific management techniques of Plasmodium knowlesi precludes prospects for the total elimination of malaria in humans [1]. P. knowlesi, a simian-malaria, is a malaria parasite that was first discovered in 1930 in a specimen of Macaca fascicularis from Singapore, which leads to mild to chronic infection in Macaque species as natural hosts [3,4,5]. Before molecular-based diagnostics advanced, a human infection caused by Plasmodium knowlesi was considered impossible.…”

“…Before molecular-based diagnostics advanced, a human infection caused by Plasmodium knowlesi was considered impossible. For the first time in 2004, the Malaysian Borneo Kapit division analyzed the recurrent misidentification of P. knowlesi transmission in humans [4,5]. The investigators exposed that >50% of reported cases from 2000 to 2002 that were examined by conventional microscope were misdiagnosed as Plasmodium malaria [2,6].…”