Implementation of One Health Approach for Malaria Zoonotic Control in Indonesia: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract

Malaria zoonotic, Plasmodium knowlesi threatens the global development of malaria elimination. Even though current control efforts have been implemented, the prevalence of malaria zoonotic in Indonesia cannot be ignored. Conventional measures to control malaria in humans ignore the transmission of residual P. knowlesi between hosts and natural primate vectors. Attempting to manage Plasmodium knowlesi transmission should try applying the One Health approach theme, which focuses on the management of the infectious disease agent to be researched at the man-animal-ecosystem interface. This review will present a brief history of malaria knowlesi in Indonesia, risk factors, and the application of the one health approach that has been carried out in the past until now. Furthermore, the efforts to optimize the one health approach in the future, especially in controlling and eradicating malaria, were presented. This condition suggests an integrative control strategy through improving surveillance methods and understanding the risks associated with disease transmission in line with the One Health approach. It is also recommended that Indonesian policymakers facilitate multidisciplinary collaborative research on incidence rates, clinical spectrum, clusters, and geographical distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi transmission. They impose ecological regulations that restrict forest transformation and encourage ecosystem regeneration. Hence, combining solitary protective measures, promoting malaria control strategies that improve health insurance, mosquitobased food traps, and biocontrol strategies in synergy with current control practices are expected to minimize transmission capacity.

One Health approach and zoonotic diseases in Indonesia: Urgency of implementation and challenges

“…The concept of One Health is not directly a central topic [ 48 ]. However, it is only associated with it, so future research is essential to understand disease dynamics through a One Health approach [ 49 , 50 ]. Our findings consisted of 11 clusters containing “One Health” in 32 research articles obtained in PubMed and Scopus ( Figure 1A ).…”

“…Regarding research and data sharing, the One Health approach encourages zoonotic disease research, including their origin, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies. Sharing data and findings across disciplines and institutions enhances our understanding of the disease and informs evidence-based interventions [ 50 ].…”