The effects of pre-treatment substances on vase life and physiological character of cut Lilium Oriental hybrid 'Siberia' and Lilium Asiatic hybrid 'Dream Land' were studied. When florets of 'Siberia' were treated with Promalin (GA 4+7 +BA), the vase life was increased as compared to other treatments. The amount of ethylene produced continuously decreased and respiration rate showed a climacteric type rise on the 5 th day. The sugar contents increased in petal, but decreased in leaf and ovary. When florets of 'Dream Land' were treated with GA 4+7 and Promalin, the vase life increased. The amount of ethylene production and respiration rate showed peak points on the 1 st day. Also, the sugar contents showed the same results as with 'Siberia'. In the case of 'Siberia', vase life was extended with Dan-solution 2 [(nano particle pure colloidal Ag + ion) 0.1% + Natural chitosan] treatment. The amount of ethylene produced continuously decreased and respiration rate showed a climacteric type rise on the 5 th day. But they were not significantly different between treatments. The sugar contents increased in petal, but decreased in leaf and ovary. When florets of 'Dream Land' were treated with Dan-solution 2, the vase life was also increased. The amount of ethylene produced and respiration rates showed peak points on the 1 st day. Also, the sugar contents showed the same results as with 'Siberia'.

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Values for the size of the normal pediatric gallbladder are defined and will be helpful in the diagnosis of gallbladder abnormalities.

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Germination of Styrax japonicus seeds is promoted by warm stratification (WS) at 18-20°C followed by cold stratification (CS) at 4-5 . The objective of this work was to analyze the state and mobility of water molecules measured by 1 H-NMR and endogenous gibberellins (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) by ultra performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) as influenced by WS and CS treatments had not previously been investigated. Styrax seeds that received 35 days of WS (35D WS) followed by 63 days of CS (63D CS) (35D WS + 63D CS) germinated. Seeds that received only 35D WS failed to germinate. Endogenous GA1, GA8, GA19, GA20, and GA53 were identified as well as GA17, GA23, GA28, GA29, and GA97 by gas chromatography/MS (GC/MS) and UPLC-MS/MS in seeds that were treated with warm and cold stratification (WS + CS). This suggests that the early C-13 hydroxylation pathway [-GA53-(GA44)-GA19-GA20-GA1-GA8] of GAs is a major biosynthetic pathway in the seeds. The concentration of GA53 and GA19 increased following WS and that of GA53 increased after WS + CS. The concentration of GA19 increased only slightly after WS + CS. The concentration of GA1 increased only after WS + CS. ABA concentration significantly decreased following the WS treatment. It is concluded that the mobility of water molecules and water content in cotyledons and endosperm is increased following WS + CS treatments. The occurrence of C-13 hydroxylated GAs suggests that the early C-13 hydroxylation pathway, GA53 GA44 GA19 GA20 GA1 GA8, is a major biosynthetic pathway in Styrax seeds.Additional key words: gibberellin metabolism, mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), ultra performance liquid chromatography, water mobility Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 52(3):233-239. 2011.