-With this study we aimed to evaluate and compare physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of frozen and chilled chicken meat. Only the prime cuts (breast, thighs, and drumsticks) were considered for the analysis of chemical composition, pH, color, water-holding capacity (WHC), thawing-cooking loss (TCL), and shear force (SF). For microbiological analysis, mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, and Salmonella spp. were considered. The frozen and chilled chicken meat showed no PSE (pale, soft, and exudative) or DFD (dark, firm, and dry) type of anomalies. The chromaticity showed higher redness in the breast (a* = 0.23) and yellowness in the thigh (b* = 5.64) for the frozen meat. The chilled meat showed better values for water-holding capacity in the thigh (69.19%) and thawing-cooking loss in the breast meat (18.84%). Samples of frozen and chilled chicken meat showed unconformities as to the percentage of occurrence of Salmonella spp., since the Brazilian legislation determines the absence of these pathogens. Both forms of preservation by freezing and chilling are recommended to maintain the physicochemical characteristics. In turn, we observed that the microbiological patterns can be maintained by the both forms of meat preservation by cold, mainly by freezing, provided there are satisfactory sanitary conditions in handling pre and post-slaughter of poultry.
RESUMO.A moringa é uma planta de indiscutível importância econômica na indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica. Suas folhas frescas possuem excelentes qualidades nutricionais, sendo uma boa fonte protéica (33,8% de proteína bruta), além de conter em sua composição as vitaminas A, B e C, os minerais como, ferro, cálcio, fósforo e potássio e dispor de uma boa digestibilidade (em média 79,7%), o que a configura como um bom suplemento para animais. É considerada uma fonte valiosa de carotenóides e de compostos bioativos, com atividade hipotensiva e antioxidante. Das sementes pode ser extraído o óleo que apresenta 37,2% de lipídeos, contendo baixo conteúdo de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (<1%) e desta forma alta resistência à oxidação, pela presença de elevados teores de ácidos graxos insaturados, especialmente o oléico, sendo o palmítico e o bezênico, os ácidos graxos saturados dominantes. O cultivo dessa planta em regiões secas pode ser uma estratégia alimentar bastante vantajosa, uma vez que suas folhas podem ser colhidas quando nenhum outro vegetal verde se apresenta disponível. Desta forma, considerando-se o crescente interesse no uso de alimentos naturais e que forneçam, além de nutrientes, compostos bioativos, apresentamos uma revisão sobre a moringa e suas principais formas de utilização na alimentação animal e humana. Palavras chave: Antioxidantes, ácidos graxos, compostos bioativos, Moringa oleiferaUse of moringa in animal and human nutrition: Review ABSTRACT. Moringa is an indisputable economic importance in plant food and pharmaceutical industry. Its fresh leaves have excellent nutritional value, is a good source of protein (33.8% crude protein), and contain in its composition vitamin A, B and C, minerals such as iron, calcium, phosphorus and potassium and have good digestibility (average 79.7%), which configures as a good supplement for animals. It is considered a valuable source of carotenoids and bioactive compounds with hypertensive and antioxidant activity. Seeds can be extracted from the oil which has 37.2% lipids, containing low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (<1%) and therefore high oxidation resistance, by the presence of high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic, and palmitic and bezenic, the dominant saturated fatty acids. The cultivation of this plant in dry are as can be quite advantageous dietary strategy, since its leaves can be harvested when no other vegetable presents available. Thus, considering the growing interest in the use of natural foods and provide, in addition to nutrients, bioactive compounds, present a review of the moringa and its main forms of use for animal and human nutrition.
RESUMO.Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional, a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, a proteína digestível aparente e a metabolização da energia do farelo e do grão do girassol para galos de crescimento lento. Foram utilizados15 galos Label Rouge com 40 semanas de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos: ração referência (RR), e com inclusão de 20% (kg/kg) do grão (GG) ou farelo de girassol (FG). As aves foram alojadas individualmente em gaiolas metálicas adaptadas para coleta total de excretas. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos subprodutos, grão e farelo de girassol foram: 67,09 e 75,88% para matéria seca, 24,56 e 28,55% para proteína bruta, 10,14 e 17,28% para proteína digestível aparente, 94,17 e 77,37% para extrato etéreo, 4,27 e 6,61% para fibra em detergente neutro, 3,30 e 6,64% para fibra em detergente ácido, 63,83 e 57,67% para coeficiente de metabolização da energia bruta, 3.945 e 2.840 kcal/kg para energia metabolizável aparente e disponibilidade de 2,58 e 12,22% para matéria mineral. A inclusão de 20% de grão e farelo de girassol em rações para galos de crescimento lento propiciou redução da digestibilidade aparente de todos os nutrientes, exceto para extrato etéreo, coeficiente de metabolização da energia bruta e energia metabolizável aparente onde o grão de girassol mostrou-se superior. Palavras chave: fatores antinutricionais, fibra, Helianthus annuusDigestibility, protein digestible and metabolizable energy of grain and sunflower meal for growth slow roosters ABSTRACT. This study was realized to determine the nutritional value, digestibility of nutrients, apparent digestible protein and metabolizable energy of grain and sunflower meal to slow growth roosters. 15 roosters of Label Rouge were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments: reference ration (RR), from which were included 20% (kg/kg) of grain (SG) and sunflower meal (SM). The poultry were housed individually in cages adapted for excreta collection. The apparent digestibility coefficients of byproducts, grain and sunflower meal were: 67.09 and 75.88% for dry matter, 24.56 and 28.55% for crude protein, 10.14 and 17.28% for apparent digestible protein, 94.17 and 77.37% for ether extract, 4.27 and 6.61% for neutral detergent fiber, 3.30 and 6.64% for acid detergent fiber, 63.83 and 57.67% for metabolisation coefficient of gross energy, 3945 and 2840 kcal/kg for apparent metabolisable energy and availability of 2.58 and 12.22% for mineral matter. The inclusion of 20% of grain and sunflower meal in diets for slow growth roosters caused a reduction of the apparent digestibility of all nutrients except for ether extract, metabolisation coefficient of gross energy and metabolisable energy, where the grain sunflower showed if higher.
In order to evaluate the chemical composition and pH of chicken meat subjected to heat stress during the preslaughter rest time, an experiment was conducted in a slaughterhouse. Twenty-five birds were randomly selected and housed in rooms without air conditioning for a 3-hour period, with an average temperature of 33°C and relative humidity of 83%. After slaughter, the carcasses were deboned and prime cuts were chilled (between 0 and 4 °C) for 24 hours for analysis of moisture levels, protein, fat, ash, and pH. The humidity values were 72.80, 71.47, and 70.30%, protein values were 16.81, 14.90, and 15.10%, lipid values were 0.78, 3.30, and 5.80%, ash values were 0.81, 0.88, and 0.89%, and pH values were 5.30, 6.10, and 6.54 for breast, thigh, and drumstick, respectively. Heat stress for 3 hours before slaughter led to changes in the chemical composition and pH of the chicken, which establishes an anomaly in the flesh of the PSE type (pale, soft, and exudative). It is evident that pre-slaughter management is important to ensure animal welfare and consequently high meat quality.
RESUMO.A alimentação é um dos fatores mais importantes na produção animal, seja pelo custo ou pela resposta animal frente à qualidade da ração. Na nutrição de aves diversas estratégias podem ser utilizadas para promover a melhoria das rações, seja pela mudança na formulação de ração ou até mesmo no processamento das rações. Os processamentos comumente utilizados nas rações destinadas à indústria avícola são a peletização, extrusão ou expansão a fim de promover as diferentes formas físicas, a saber: rações peletizadas, extrusadas, expandidas, expandida extrusadas ou simplesmente desestruturada. As vantagens e desvantagens do processamento podem ser elencadas nos diversos níveis de produção, desde a fábrica de ração propriamente dita até o rendimento dos animais. A principal diferença entre as rações processadas e não processada é a melhoria na digestibilidade dos nutrientes causada pelo processo de gelatinização do amido que ocorrem quando as rações são submetidas a elevada temperatura, pressão em um determinado tempo afetando diretamente a qualidade da ração. Desta forma, considerando-se que processamento de ração também onera custo para produtor, porém rações processadas reduzem o ato das aves em selecionar partículas maiores, resultando em menor desperdício de ração e melhor aproveitamento do tempo dos animais para a alimentação comparadas com rações fareladas, apresentamos uma revisão sobre as formas físicas de rações para aves, bem como suas vantagens e desvantagens. Palavras chave: extrusão, granulometria, peletizaçãoPhysical forms of poultry feed ABSTRAT. The feed is one of the most important factors in animal production, either at cost or for animal response due to the quality of the feed. In poultry nutrition several strategies can be used to promote the improvement, or by changing formulation or even in the processing of feeds. The processes commonly used in the feed for poultry industry are pelleting, extrusion or expansion in order to promote the different physical forms, namely, pelleted, extruded feeds, expanded, or simply expanded extruded unstructured. The advantages and disadvantages of processing can be listed in different levels of production, from the feed mill itself to the performance of the animals. The main difference between the processed and unprocessed feed is the improvement in digestibility caused by the gelatinization process that occur when the feed is subjected to elevated temperature, pressure at a particular time directly affecting the quality of feed. Thus, considering that feed processing burdening cost to the producer, however feed processed reduce the act of poultry in selecting larger particles, resulting in less wastage of feed and improved animal time use for food compared to mash feeds, we present a
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