The aim of this study was to determine and compare the quality parameters of broiler chicken meat from free-range and industrial poultry system. Proximate composition, color, pH, shear force, microbial quality and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Both free-range and industrial chicken meat presented PSE (pale, soft and exudative) anomaly (L* [ 53). An inverse correlation between lightness, pH and shear force was observed. The free range broiler meat had higher yellow color (b* 11.56) and shear force (2.75 kgf) and lower red color (a* 1.65) and pH (5.75) in comparison to the industrial broiler meat, due intensive physical activity on growing phase and influence of the pre-slaughter stress on the rigor mortis. The thigh cut from free range broiler meat showed higher protein levels (18.00%), while to the thigh and drumstick cuts of industrial broiler meat showed higher total fat levels (3.4 and 5.0%, respectively). In general, each strain and chickens producing methods gave the peculiar characteristics to meat (chemical, physical, microbiological and sensorial).

RESUMO -O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos das fontes nitrogenadas e o uso de Sacharomyces cerevisiae em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar sobre os consumos e as digestibilidades aparentes totais e parciais de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos não-estruturais (CNE), o balanço nitrogenado e os parâmetros ruminais. Foram utilizados quatro novilhos Holandês-Zebu, fistulados no rúmen e abomaso, alimentados com quatro rações à base de cana-de-açúcar, constituídas de duas fontes nitrogenadas (uréia ou cama de frango) combinadas com dois níveis de Sacharomyces cerevisiae (0 e 10 g/dia). Utilizou-se delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4. A fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) foi utilizada como indicador, para determinar as digestibilidades aparentes totais e parciais. Os consumos de MS, MO, EE, CT e CNE não foram influenciados pelas fontes nitrogenadas e pela utilização de Sacharomyces cerevisiae. Os consumos de PB e FDN foram maiores para as dietas suplementadas com cama de frango. Os coeficientes de digestibilidades totais de PB e EE foram maiores para as dietas constituídas de uréia. As digestibilidades aparentes totais de MS, MO, CT e FDN não foram influenciadas pelas fontes nitrogenadas e pela utilização de Sacharomyces cerevisiae. O pH do líquido ruminal decresceu linearmente para as dietas suplementadas com uréia e apresentou comportamento quadrático, quando estas dietas foram combinadas com Sacharomyces cerevisiae. As concentrações de amônia no líquido ruminal apresentaram comportamento quadrático, estimando-se valores máximos de 16,90; 26,12; 18,48; e 14,40 mg/100 mL para os tratamentos constituídos de cana-deaçúcar e uréia; cana-de-açúcar, uréia e Sacharomyces cerevisiae; cana-de-açúcar e cama de frango; e cana-de-açúcar, cama de frango e Sacharomyces cerevisiae, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: bovinos, consumo, digestibilidade, suplementos microbianos dietéticos Sources of Non-Protein Nitrogen and the Addition of Sacharomyces cerevisiae to Sugar Cane Based Diets for Young Bulls: Intake, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balances andRuminal Parameters ABSTRACT -The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the non-nitrogenous sources and the addition of Sacharomyces cerevisiae to sugarcane based diets on the intakes and the total and partial apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-structural carbohydrates (NEC). The nitrogen balance and ruminal parameters were also evaluated. Four Holstein-Zebu young bulls rumen and abomasal fistulated were allotted to a 4x4 Latin Square design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The animals were fed with sugar cane based diets, supplemented with two nitrogenous sources (urea or poultry litter) and two daily Sacharomyces cerevisiae addition (0 and 10 g/anim.). The indigestible neutral deterge...

-With this study we aimed to evaluate and compare physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of frozen and chilled chicken meat. Only the prime cuts (breast, thighs, and drumsticks) were considered for the analysis of chemical composition, pH, color, water-holding capacity (WHC), thawing-cooking loss (TCL), and shear force (SF). For microbiological analysis, mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, and Salmonella spp. were considered. The frozen and chilled chicken meat showed no PSE (pale, soft, and exudative) or DFD (dark, firm, and dry) type of anomalies. The chromaticity showed higher redness in the breast (a* = 0.23) and yellowness in the thigh (b* = 5.64) for the frozen meat. The chilled meat showed better values for water-holding capacity in the thigh (69.19%) and thawing-cooking loss in the breast meat (18.84%). Samples of frozen and chilled chicken meat showed unconformities as to the percentage of occurrence of Salmonella spp., since the Brazilian legislation determines the absence of these pathogens. Both forms of preservation by freezing and chilling are recommended to maintain the physicochemical characteristics. In turn, we observed that the microbiological patterns can be maintained by the both forms of meat preservation by cold, mainly by freezing, provided there are satisfactory sanitary conditions in handling pre and post-slaughter of poultry.

RESUMO -O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho e as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça de coelhos em crescimento alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de amido (22 e 32% em média) mediante a inclusão de milho grão e diferentes fontes de fibra (feno de alfafa ou casca de soja), em esquema fatorial 2x2. As rações experimentais foram peletizadas e fornecidas à vontade durante um período de 40 dias, para 40 coelhos desmamados aos 35 dias, alojados individualmente e seguindo delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Não foram observados efeitos significativos para a interação entre fonte de fibra e nível de amido sobre os parâmetros avaliados neste estudo. O consumo de alimento foi maior para as rações contendo feno de alfafa (91,27 g/d), mas ganho de peso e conversão alimentar não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos (média geral de 30,18 g/d e 2,94). O rendimento, teor de proteína, a eficiência protéica e energética de carcaça foram melhores com as rações contendo maiores níveis de amido (50,20; 62,36; 56,38; e 30,04%, respectivamente), mas não diferiram estatisticamente para as fontes de fibra. Assim, rações contendo maiores níveis de amido ou contendo casca de soja propiciaram melhores índices de conversão alimentar e melhores características de carcaça, possivelmente, reflexo de melhor eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes.Palavras-chave: carcaça, casca de soja, coelhos, desempenho, feno de alfafa, milho grão Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Rabbits Fed Diets with Different Starch Levels and Fiber SourcesABSTRACT -The objective of the present study were evaluated the performance, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the carcass in growing rabbits feeding with diets contents different starch levels (22 or 32% on average) by high or low inclusion of corn grain and different fiber sources (alfalfa hay or soybean hulls), in 2x2 factorial design. The experimental diets were pellets and fed ad libitum during 40 days to 40 rabbits weaned at 35 days, housed individually and assigned to a complete randomized design. Significant effects were not observed for the interaction between the fiber sources and the starch levels to the parameters evaluated in this study. Higher feed intake was observed with diets contents alfalfa hay (91.27 g/d), but the weight gain and food conversion were significant affected by the dietary treatments (30,18 g/d and 2.94 general average, respectively). The carcass yield, protein level, protein and energy efficiency in the carcass showed giher values for the diets with high starch levels (50.20, 62.36, 56.38 and 30.04%, respectively). Diets with high starch level or with soybean hulls resulted in better indexes of food conversion and characteristics of the carcass, reflex of a better nutrients utilization efficiency.

ResumoEsta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo relacionar a importância da sincronização de carboidratos e proteínas em dietas de ruminantes, pois os sistemas de exigências nutricionais de ruminantes que dão suporte às formulações de rações exigem que os alimentos comumente utilizados na alimentação sejam fracionados no sentido de melhor caracterizá-los. Ao longo dos anos houve considerável avanço na nutrição dos ruminantes, mas esse progresso, na maioria das vezes, foi baseado em determinações empíricas que desconsideravam as múltiplas inter-relações microbianas e consideravam o ecossistema ruminal muito complexo e não compreendido. Palavras-chave: Energia, proteína, ruminantes, sistema cornell. AbstractThis literature review had as objective to relate the importance of the carbohydrate and protein synchronization in ruminant diets. The nutritional requirements systems to ruminant that give support to the diets formulations, require that the feeds commonly used in the feeding are fractional for best characterize them. Along the years there was considerable progress in the ruminant nutrition, but that progress, most of the time, was based on empiric determinations that not respected the multiple microbial interrelations and they considered the ruminal ecosystem are very complex and not understood.

ResumoObjetivou-se nesta revisão reunir as informações de maior relevância no campo nutricional referentes às características físico-químicas e efeitos fisiológicos da fibra na alimentação de coelhos. Esta área pode representar um ponto de estrangulamento na expansão da cunicultura como uma atividade rentável em nosso país, diante da diversidade de ingredientes fibrosos ou não convencionais passíveis de uso em rações completas balanceadas e seus efeitos sobre o rendimento produtivo e reprodutivo, principalmente devido às características privilegiadas da carne e da pelagem desta espécie. Palavras-chave: Coelhos, fibra, nutrição. AbstractIt was objectified in this revision to gather the larger relevance information in the nutritional field referring to the physical-chemistries characteristics and physiologic effects of the fiber in the rabbits feeding. This area can represent a narrowing point in the cuniculture expansion as a profitable activity in our country, due to the diversity of fibrous ingredients or don't stipulate passive use in balanced complete diets and its effects on the productive and reproductive yield, mainly due to the privileged characteristics of the meat and of the coat of this species.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the daily variations in the thermoregulatory behavior of 4- to 6-week-old naked neck broilers (Label Rouge) in an equatorial semi-arid environment. A total of 220 birds were monitored for 5 days starting at 0600 hours and ending at 1800 hours. The period of observation was divided into classes of hours (C H). The observed behaviors were as follows: feed and water intake, wing-spreading, sitting or lying, and beak-opening. A total of 14,300 behavioral data values were registered. In C H 2 (0900 hours to 1100 hours) and 3 (1200 hours to 1500 hours), the greatest average body surface temperature was recorded (34.67 ± 0.25 °C and 35.12 ± 0.22 °C, respectively). The C H had an effect on the exhibition of all behaviors with the exception of the water intake behavior. Feed intake was more frequent in C H 1 (0600 hours to 0800 hours) and 4 (1600 hours to 1800 hours). In C H 2 and 3, the highest frequency of sitting or lying behavior was observed. Beak-opening and wing-spreading behaviors occurred more frequently in C H 3 where the body surface temperature (35.12 ± 0.22 °C), radiant heat load (519.38 ± 2.22 W m(-2)), and enthalpy (82.74 ± 0.36 kJ kg(-1) of dry air) reached maximum recorded averages. Thus, it can be concluded that naked neck broilers adjust their behavior in response to daily variations in the thermal environment. Wing-spreading and beak-opening behaviors are important adaptive responses to the thermal challenges posed by the equatorial semi-arid environment.

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