Objectives In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of Myrmeleon formicarius (antlion) extract on liver and kidney histology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Methods Twenty-four mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and were then divided into six groups. Untreated diabetic mice served as the negative control group, and glibenclamide-treated mice served as the positive control group. Mice in the other four groups, namely T1, T2, T3, and T4 groups, received M. formicarius (antlion) extract at 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Permanent thin sections were used to examine liver and kidney histology. Results The most appropriate antihyperglycaemic dosage of the M. formicarius extract was 10 mg/kg for 2 days. Histological examination of the liver and kidneys showed that the antlion extract at 10 and 5 mg/kg exhibited significant tissue-repair effects. Conclusion M. formicarius (antlion) extract can not only reduce blood glucose levels but also repair hyperglycaemia-induced tissue damage.

Abstract. Asyiah IN, Prihatin J, Hastuti AD, Winarso S, Widjayanthi L, Nugroho D, Firmansyah K, Pradana AP. 2021. Cost-effective bacteria-based bionematicide formula to control root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. in tomato plants. Biodiversitas 22: 3256-3264. The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. can infect and cause loss production in various horticultural plants, including tomatoes. In the previous study, we found 3 endophytic bacteria isolates and 1 rhizobacterium isolate that could control several plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, we formulated these bionematicide isolates with cheap and environmentally friendly organic materials. The formula was fortified using several organic matters, vitamin sources, protein sources, and sugar sources. The research was conducted in an experimental land with a history of severe root-knot nematode infection. The analysis showed that there were 63.7 J2 Meloidogyne spp. per 100 ml of soil on the experimental land. The application was given at a time interval of 2 weeks at the concentration of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, with a dose of 100 ml per plant. As a negative control, the plant did not give any treatments, and as a positive control, the plant was given 5 g carbofuran per plant. The results revealed that treatment with 2% bionematicide formula concentration showed the best consistent result. This treatment increased canopy wet weight by 38.63% and root dry weight by 106.97% compared to negative control. The P4 treatment was also found effective to increase fruit weight by 33.61% and fruit diameter by 26.16% as compared to negative control. Increased plant growth in P4 treatment was closely related to the total of root-knot suppression and root damage intensity. In the P4 treatment, the total of root-knots and root damage intensities was 44.83% and 32.66%, respectively, compared to the negative control. This suppression also occurred in the nematode population and nematode eggs. In the P4 treatment, the total of Meloidogyne spp. J2 in soil and root was lower by 60.74% and 66.24%, respectively, compared to the negative control. A similar phenomenon also occurred in the total of eggs, which was 79.40% lower than the total of eggs in the negative control. This study provides the latest information about a cost-effective bacteria-based bionematicide formula, which is effective in suppressing Meloidogyne spp. infection in tomato, and promotes the growth and development tomato plant.

* *korespondensi penulis ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan komik yang valid, praktis, dan efektif pada pokok bahasan sistem peredaran darah kelas 8. Penelitian dilakukan dalam tiga tahap yaitu define, desigen, develop. Pengambilan data menggunakan instrumen antara lain lembar validasi, angket keterbacaan, soal pre-test post-test, dan angket respon siswa. Uji coba produk dilakukan dengan uji coba terbatas dan uji coba kelompok besar. Subjek uji coba yaitu 35 siswa kelas 8A SMPN 1 Kalibaru Banyuwangi. Hasil analisis terhadap aspek validitas buku komik mencapai kriteria sangat valid, aspek kepraktisan buku komik memiliki kriteria sangat baik dan menunjukkan bahwa bahan ajar buku komik tergolong praktis, aspek keefektifan buku komik masuk dalam kategori sedang. Bahan ajar buku komik sistem peredaran darah ini memiliki kriteria sangat valid, praktis dan efektif, sehingga dapat diimplementasikan secara luas dalam pembelajaran. Kata kunci: bahan ajar, buku komik, efektivitas, kepraktisan, validitas ABSTRACT Development of the circulatory system comic book. This research aim to produce comics that valid, practical, and effective on the subject of the circulatory system grade 8. The research was conducted in three stages ie define, desigen, develop. The data were collected by using instrument include validation sheet, questionnaire, pre-test and post-test, and student response questionnaire. Product trials were conducted with limited trials and large group trials. The subjects were 35 students of grade 8A SMPN 1 Kalibaru Banyuwangi. The result of the analysis on the comic book validity aspect reached the criterion very valid, the practicality aspect has very good criteria and practical, the effectiveness aspect was in the medium category. The material of this circulation comic book has very valid criteria, practical and effective, so it can be implemented widely in learning.

ABSTRAKSynthetic estrogen hormone is well known as an hormonal contraception or birth control pills. The lack of public knowledge about the action mechanism of oral contraception on the reproductive organs makes people ignoring about the impact of it. This study was conducted to analyze the differences in the induction of estrogen towards the levels of estradiol and histology of the uterus and its utilization as a supplement book of Reproductive System topic in high school. Balb-C female mices were used as the tested animals and Microgynon, the contraceptive pill's trademark was used as a source of estrogen induces. Blood samples were taken at pro-estrus phase, while the uterus was taken at each phase of the estrous cycle. Measurement of estradiol levels was done by ELISA method, whereas the thickness of endometrium is determined on a longitudinal incision of the uterus by the method of preparation of histological paraffin and HE staining. The supplement book was arranged refers to 4-D models. The research used six validators to assess the quality of the book and forty students to test the result of developmental book. Data was obtained from student and teacher questionnaires, validator sheets, questionnaires of the legitility and difficulty level, and student's response questionnaires. The data was analyzed by using percentage data analysis technique. The results showed that there was a difference between the levels of estradiol-induced estrogen treatment with control, but in endometrial thickness among the control treatment with estrogen did not show the differences significantly. The results also showed that the estrogen induction has no significant effect on endometrium thickness at each phases of estrous cycle. The result of development of supplemental book revealed that the book has been strong valid with 79,55% score. It means that it can be used as supplement in learning process directly. Meanwhile 82,50% and 87,50% students gave positive respon as a result of the legitility and difficulty level, and student's response questionnaires, respectively. In conclusion, the result of induction estrogen towards estradiol and uterus histology can be used as supplemental book in reproductive system topic in SMA.Kata kunci: estrogen, estradiol, uterus, buku suplemen. PendahuluanKeluarga berencana (KB) adalah tindakan yang membantu individu atau pasangan suami istri untuk mendapatkan tujuan-tujuan tertentu, menghindari kelahiran yang tidak diinginkan, mendapatkan kelahiran yang memang diinginkan, mengatur interval di antara kehamilan, mengontrol waktu saat kelahiran dalam hubungan dengan umur suami isteri, dan menentukan jumlah anak dalam keluarga (WHO dalam Hartanto, 2004). Program keluarga berencana (KB) di Indonesia dijalankan dengan cara kontrasepsi yaitu upaya untuk mencegah terjadinya kehamilan (Info Sehat, 2008). Menurut data BKKBN (2007), metode KB yang digunakan oleh akseptor di Indonesia yaitu suntik 56,33%, pil 24,87%, sedangkan IUD 9,34%, implant 3,03%, dan kontrasepsi lainnya 5%. Adapun jenis kontrasep...

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of progesterone to estradiol levels and histology of uterus, to test the effect of estrous cycle to uterus histology of females' mice after treated by progesterone in birth control pills. This research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Females Mus musculus Balb-C and synthetic progesterone (cyproterone acetate) contained in 'Diane-35' birth control pills were used in this study. The research consisted of two treatment groups, i.e. group K had no treatment and group P treated by a solution of Diane-35 at a dose of 2.6 mg per 5 mL distilled water. Results on the effects of progesterone on endometrial thickness suggested that there were significant differences between treatment groups. Meanwhile, the effect of progesterone on estradiol levels indicated that there were no significant differences among treatment groups. This means that the thickness of the endometrium was strongly influenced by the presence of a synthetic progesterone hormone and induced endometrium growth thicker. The levels of estradiol are not significantly different due to a negative feedback mechanism of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (estrogen effect) and Luteinizing Hormone (progesterone effect). The greatest thickness of endometrium of estrous cycle was treated by progesterone, which was 0.2500 mm 2 .Key Words : Progesterone, endometrial thickness, estradiol levels. AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh hormon progesteron terhadap kadar estradiol dan histologi uterus mencit (Mus Musculus) betina dan menguji adanya pengaruh siklus estrus terhadap kondisi histologis uterus mencit (Mus musculus) betina setelah pemberian hormon progesteron dalam pil KB. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Hewan uji yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Mencit (Mus musculus) betina varietas Balb-C sedangkan hormon progesteron yang digunakan hormon progestin sintetik (Cyproteron Acetate) yang terkandung dalam pil KB dengan merk Diane-35. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 2 kelompok perlakuan yaitu kelompok K tanpa pemberian pil dan kelompok P pemberian larutan pil KB merk Diane-35 dengan dosis 2,6 mg per 5 mL aquades. Hasil penelitian tentang pengaruh hormon progesteron terhadap tebal endometrium menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara kelompok perlakuan, penelitian tentang pengaruh hormon progesterone terhadap kadar estradiol menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antar kelompok perlakuan. Hal ini berarti bahwa tebal endometrium sangat dipengaruhi oleh adanya hormone progesterone sintetik yang diinduksikan ke dalam tubuh sehingga memicu endometrium untuk tumbuh semakin tebal. Adapun kadar estradiol yang tidak berbeda nyata disebabkan karena adanya mekanisme umpan balik negatif dari hormon-hormon FSH (pengaruh estrogen) dan LH (pengaruh progesteron). Fase siklus estrus yang paling besar ketebalan endometriumnya adalah fase estrus perlakuan progesteron yaitu rerata tebal endometriumnya sebesar 0,2500 mm 2 .Kata kunci : hormon...

Air pollution may be indicated by the higher acid rain. Air pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels increase emissions of SOx ,NOx , and CO 2 which can ultimately lead to acid rain. Exposure of acid rain may affect the cultivation of mulberry and the quality of silkworm cocoon. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of mulberry plants that have been exposed to acid rain to the percentage of cocoon defects and type of defects in C-301 and BS-09 races of Bombyxmori L. Acid rain that to applied on mulberry plant for 5 weeks was a modification of acid rain that occurred in Sidoarjo East Java, Indonesia. A total of 720 individuals of newly hatched silkworm were used in early research. Larvae fed by mulberry leaves that had been treated with artificial rain water in different levels of pH, i.e. pH's of 7.0 (well water as control), 6.2 (normal rain), and 4.6 (acid rain). Cocoon defects and type of cocoon defect were observed. Data were analyzed using multivariate ANOVA. The results showed that the treatments had no significant effect (P >0.05) on defective cocoon percentage. Treatment of pH 7.0, 6.2, 4.6 had defective cocoons of 21.34%, 12.94%, 11.2%, respectively in race C-301 and 18.49%, 15%, 15.26%, respectively in race BS-09. Meanwhile, cocoon defect types in race C-301 and BS-09 were outer defects consisting of printed, outside stained, malformed, very small, double cocoons, and inner defect consist of thin-end and inside stained cocoons. As a whole, acid rain treatments to defective cocoon of Bombyx mori L. in C-301 and BS-09 races showed no significant effect to defective cocoons.

Abstrak-Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) terutama disebabkan oleh aterosklerosis karena hiperkolesterolimia. Oksidasi low density lipoprotein (LDL) oleh reactive oxygen species (ROS) sebagai penyebab utama proses aterogenik dapat dicegah dengan kehadiran antioksidan seperti vitamin E. Buah dan sayuran banyak mengandung vitamin. Salah satu buah yang mengandung vitamin E adalah buah merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak buah merah terhadap kadar LDL darah pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus L.). Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental laboratorium yang didesain mengikuti Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 6 perlakuan dan 4 kali ulangan dengan parameter penelitian adalah kadar LDL darah tikus putih. Data dianalisis menggunakan one way anova dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan 95%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, minyak buah merah memiliki kemampuan untuk menurunkan kadar LDL darah tikus putih.Kata Kunci: minyak buah merah, aterosklerosis, LDL.

21st century learning characteristics4C ( Communications, Collaboration, Critical Thingking an d Problem Solving, and Creativi y ), train ket e rampilan learn to innovate, skills in using the technology, media information, and skills of the workforce. The learning approach that matches the 4C character is the STEM approach. STEM is an integrated learning approach in all disciplines that trains students to innovate, and has a positive impact on learning outcomes. Although STEM-based learning has begun with its emergence the problem is in accordance with the concept, but the problem does not yet reflect the contextual problem ( Contextual Problem ). Learning about environmental change material even though it starts with a problem, but learning in schools only focuses on understanding the theory and literature without direct implementation in the lives of students. Based on that problem, the need for textbooks that discusses the concepts and technologies in a balanced, integrated, and include c ontextual problem in order to facilitate the students understand the concept of environmental changes in life. This study aims to develop a book teaching of environmental changes based STMCpE valid, effective, and practical. This research uses the 4D development method, namely Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate and mixed method which consists of quantitative and qualitative research. Qualitative research in the form of research development STMCpE-based textbooks. Quantitative research uses the pure post-test only control design experimental method.in the normality test the normal distribution of data obtained, and the homogeneity test obtained homogeneous data, so that parametric data analysis needs to be done using an independent sample t-test analysis. Based on the results of research are: (1) Development of a book teaching generated already included katego ri valid, effective and practical, (2) Application of learning scientifically based STMCpE significant effect on the ability of solving students' y ang shown on the significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05)