<p>Coconut improvement programs require knowledge of the effect of morphological characters on the coconut yield. The study aimed to determine the effects of fourteen morphological characters on the production of coconut meat character on Kampung Laut and Pengabuan tall coconut. This study was conducted in Kampung Laut and Pengabuan Villages, Jambi Province. Correlation analysis among 15 characters of vegetative, generative, and fruit components used the Walpole formula (1992). Fourteen characters affecting meat production were analyzed by using Path analysis of Singh and Chaudary formula following the R i386 3.5.2 software package in the Agricole package. Correlation analysis resulted in the characters of the number of leaves, number of bunches, number of fruits, polar circumference of fruit, weight of unhusked fruit, equatorial circumference of nut, and weight of endosperm correlated with the production of endosperm, on Kampung Laut tall coconut, while Pengabuan tall coconut have number of fruits, equatorial circumference of nut, and weight of endosperm. The results of path analysis showed that the characters of the number of bunches, number of fruits, and weight of endosperm had a significant direct effect on the production of endosperm on the Kampung Laut tall coconut. While on the Pengabuan tall coconut, only the fruits number and endosperm weight affected the endosperm production. The study indicates that the number of bunches, number of fruits, and weight of endosperm can be used as selection criteria to increase the production of the endosperm of the Kampung Laut and Pangabuan tall coconut.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Morphological characters, correlation, fruit components, selection</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Program perbaikan tanaman kelapa membutuhkan pengetahuan tentang pengaruh karakter morfologi terhadap hasil. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh langsung dan tidak langsung 14 karakter morfologi terhadap produksi daging buah kelapa Dalam Pengabuan dan kelapa Dalam Kampung Laut asal Propinsi Jambi. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Kampung Laut, Tanjung Jabung Timur dan Desa Pengabuan, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Propinsi Jambi pada tahun 2017. Analisis korelasi antar 15 karakter vegetatif, generatif, dan komponen buah menggunakan rumus Walpole (1992). Analisis sidik lintas 14 karakter vegetatif, generatif serta komponen buah terhadap karakter produksi daging buah per pohon per tahun, menggunakan rumus dari Singh dan Chaudary. Kedua analisis tersebut menggunakan program <em>software </em>R i386 3.5.2 <em>package Agricole</em>. Hasil Analisis korelasi menunjukkan karakter-karakter jumlah daun, jumlah tandan, jumlah buah, lingkar polar buah utuh, bobot buah tanpa sabut, lingkar equatorial biji, dan bobot daging buah berkorelasi dengan produksi daging buah, untuk kelapa Dalam Kampung Laut, sedangkan untuk kelapa Dalam Pengabuan adalah jumlah buah, lingkar equatorial biji, dan bobot daging buah. Hasil analisis lintas menunjukkan bahwa karakter jumlah tandan, jumlah buah, dan bobot daging buah berpengaruh langsung secara nyata terhadap karakter produksi daging buah untuk kelapa Dalam Kampung Laut, sedangkan untuk kelapa Dalam Pangabuan hanya dua karakter yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap produksi daging buah, yaitu karakter jumlah buah dan bobot daging buah. Hasil penelitian mengindikasika bahwa karakter jumlah tandan, jumlah buah, dan bobot daging buah dapat dijadikan sebagai kriteria seleksi untuk peningkatan produksi daging buah kelapa Dalam Kampung Laut dan kelapa Dalam Pengabuan.</p><p><strong>Kata kunc</strong>i: karakter morfologi, korelasi, komponen buah, produksi kelapa, seleksi.</p>
A challenge still being faced at the coconut farmers’ level is the low productivity, which is only at an average of 1.2 tons of copra per hectare per year. Apart from being caused by old plant age, it is also caused by low-quality seeds. The types of superior coconut that are currently available are still limited, especially the tidal-specific varieties. The research was conducted in the Village of Tanjung Solok, East Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province, Indonesia, from 2015 to 2018, using an observational survey, which was aimed to find promising lines of coconut that suitable for the tidal areas. The observed characters include vegetative, generative, and fruit components. The analysis of the coefficient variance was carried out to determine the level of variance and production potential of the Zabak Tall coconut. Meanwhile, the yield stability was analyzed by observing the linearity of the production characters for three years. The results showed that the productivity of Zabak Tall is at about 3.09 tons of copra per hectare per year, which is stable for three years of observation and even tends to increase due to selection activities.
The main content of coconut kernels are fats and fatty acids as well as protein and amino acids, and these contents vary among the varieties. This variation of amino acids and fatty acids also occurs in Indonesian tall coconut varieties. The objective of this study was to characterize amino and fatty acids content of Indonesian tall coconut varieties, namely Mapanget Tall, Palu Tall, Bali Tall, Tenga Tall, Selayar Tall, OdeskaLobu Tall, Babasal Tall, and Mastutin Tall. This study was conducted in Manado and Bogor from 2014 - 2019 by using an observational method. The results showed that the coconut kernel has eight types of non-essential amino acids and eight types of essential amino acids. Palu Tall has the highest amino acid content: alanine, arginine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine, serine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Mapanget Tall has the highest contents of caprylic, capric, and lauric fatty acids, each with 9.04, 6.71, and 53.67 %, respectively. The result of this study can be used to develop varieties to obtain coconuts with high essential amino acids and fatty acids for the production of VCO, desiccated coconut, and other raw food materials.
<p align="”justify”">The spread of coconut plants are almost in most regions in Indonesia, which causes considerable genetic diversity and is an opportunity as genetic material for improvement of national coconut plants and opportunity as genetic material for the improvement of national coconut plants and can be used as parents in the assembly of new hybrid varieties. This research was conducted from 2017 to 2018 in several provinces in Indonesia including provinces of West Sumatra, Jambi, East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and North Sulawesi. The purpose of this study was to study the level of variation of coconut germplasm in Indonesia, organize and classify variations, and classify accessions by considering various characters that can be used as parents. Grouping and dissimilarity are based on twelve morphological characters and fruit components, namely the number of leaves (NL), number of bunches/trees (NBT), number of fruits/bunches (NFB), weight of whole fruit (WWF), whole fruit polar circumference (WFPC), whole fruit equatorial circumference (WFEC), weight of fruit without husk/seed (WFWHS), polar seed circumference (PSC), equatorial seed circumference (ESC), weight of fruit without water (WFWW), weight of endosperm(WE), and thick of endosperm (TE).The data obtained were then analyzed using a divisive or top-down clustering method (hierarchial cluster) by partitioning at least two classes that were the least similar. The data is processed using R. 3.5.1 software. Determination of the average distance (average linkage) obtained from the average dissimilarity coefficient data from each of the accessions tested.The results showed the twelve coconut accessions formed four groups at a 32% dissimilarity. Group I consisted of one accession (Bram Itam), group IIconsisted ofthree accessions are (Pesisir Selatan, Kapuah Jaya, Muara Jawa) group IIIconsisted ofeight accessions (Tanjung Solok, Labuan Uki, Pindolili, Mekar Sari, Betara Kanan, Siri Hulu, Tamban Bangun, Pengabuan). Eigen value in the main component 1 (KU1)> 1 with a variation of 60.60% with the number of bunches/trees, whole fruit polar circumference, weight of fruit without husk/seed, polar seed circumference, equatorial seed circumference, weight of fruit without water, dan thick of endospermand hybridisation is carried out so that it can produce superior hybrids.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Penyebaran tanaman kelapa hampir di sebagian besar daerah di Indonesia, sehingga menyebabkan keragaman genetik yang cukup besar dan merupakan peluang sebagai materi genetik untuk perbaikan tanaman kelapa nasional dan dapat dijadikan sebagai tetua dalam perakitan varietas hibrida baru. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tahun 2017 sampai 2018 di beberapa Provinsi di Indnesia meliputi Propinsi Sumatera Barat, Jambi, Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Selatan, dan Sulawesi Utara. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tingkat variasi plasma nutfah kelapa di Indonesia, mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasikan variasi, dan mengelompokkan aksesi dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa karakter yang dapat dijadikan sebagai tetua. Pengelompokan dan ketidakmiripan didasarkan pada duabelas karakter morfologi dan komponen buah, yaitu jumlah daun (JD), jumlah tandan/pohon (JT), jumlah buah/tandan (JBT), berat buah utuh (BBU), lingkar polar buah utuh (LPBU), lingkar equatorial buah utuh (LEBU), berat buah tanpa sabut/biji (BBTS), lingkar polar biji (LPB), lingkar equatorial biji (LEB), berat buah tanpa air (BBTA), berat daging buah (BD), dan tebal daging (TD). Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan metode pengelompokan <em>divisive </em>atau <em>top-down </em>(<em>hierarchial cluster</em>) dengan mempartisi klaster minimal dua klaster yang paling tidak mirip. Data diolah dengan menggunakan <em>software</em> R. 3.5.1. Penentuan jarak rata-rata (<em>average linkage</em>) yang diperoleh dari rataan data koefisien ketidakmiripan dari masing-masing aksesi yang diuji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ke dua belas aksesi kelapa tersebut membentuk empat kelompok pada ketidakmiripan 32%. Kelompok I terdiri dari satu aksesi (Bram Itam), kelompok II terdiri dari aksesi (Pesisir Selatan, Kapuah Jaya, Muara Jaawa), dan kelompok III satu aksesi (Tanjung Solok, Labuan Uki, Pindolili, Mekar Sari, Betara Kanan, Siri Hulu, Tamban Bangun, Pengabuan). Nilai eigen value pada komponen utama 1 (KU1) > 1 dengan keragaman sebesar 60,60% dengan karakter jumlah daun, jumlah tandan, lingkar polar buah utuh, berat buah tanpa serabut, lingkar polar biji, lingkar ekuatorial biji, berat buah tanpa air, dan berat daging yang dijadikan sebagai karakter seleksi terhadap keragaman yang tinggi untuk dijadikan sebagai tetua dan dilakukan hibridisasi sehingga dapat menghasilkan hibrida superior.</p>
<p>The use of quality and certified seeds is an absolute requirement in the construction of the seed garden of coconut plant. Lobu tall coconut is one of the potential coconuts owned by North Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted in Lobu Village, Touluwaan District, Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province from 2016 to 2018. The purpose of the study was to determine the characters that directly have an impact on the yield using path analysis based on Singh and Chaudary Formula on twelve morphology characters using programme of R i386 3.5.2 <em>package Agricole software</em>. The results of a simple correlation analysis show that there is no relationship between morphological characters and number of fruits, but correlates with the weight of whole fruit. The results of the path analysis showed that only the seed weight character had a direct effect on the weight of whole fruit (r = 0.53) and there were no indirect effects. Seed weight characters can be used as a selection criteria of mother palms to increase coconut productivity of Odeska Lobu coconut.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Penggunaan benih berkualitas dan bersertifikat merupakan syarat mutlak dalam pembangunan kebun induk tanaman kelapa. Kelapa Dalam Odeska Lobu merupakan salah satu kelapa potensial yang dimiliki daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Kegiatan dilakukan di Desa Lobu, Kecamatan Touluwaan, Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, mulai tahun 2016 sampai dengan tahun 2018, untuk mengetahui karakter-karakter yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap hasil, dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis sidik lintas berdasarkan formula Singh dan Chaudary terhadap dua belas karakter vegetatif, generatif, dan komponen buah menggunakan program <em>software </em>R i386 3.5.2 <em>package Agricole</em>. Hasil analisis korelasi sederhana menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan antara karakter morfologi dengan karakter hasil jumlah buah, tapi berkorelasi dengan karakter hasil berat buah utuh. Hasil analisis lintas menunjukkan hanya karakter berat biji yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap berat buah utuh (r = 0.53) dan tidak terdapat pengaruh tidak langsung. Karakter berat biji dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai kriteria seleksi pohon tetua sebagai sumber benih untuk meningkatkan produktivitas kelapa Dalam Odeska Lobu. </p>
This research was conducted at the Pandu Experimental Garden (KP) from April until June 2015, North Sulawesi. The research was conducted using a factorial randomized block design. The first factors were the kinds Dwarf coconut (A),Tebing Tinggi dwarf (GTT), Bali Yellow Dwarf (GKB), Nias Yellow Dwarf (GKN), Raja Dwarf (GRA), and Salak Dwarf (GSK). The second factors are the doses of fertilization (B), without fertilizer, urea 500 g + SP36 375 g + Potassium Chloride 750 g + Kieserite 100 g, urea 750 g + SP 36 562,5 g + Potassium Chloride 1125 g + Kieserite 150 g and organic fertilizer. Each experimental unit was replicated three times, so that total is sixty. Parameters observed are volume of neera, the number of bunches tapped and duration of tapping, brix, and rendement of neera. The results showed that among five Dwarf coconuts tested, coconut GTT, GKB, GKN, and GSK can be considered as a source of raw material for making sugar. The total of sap produced varies depending on the kinds of dwarf coconut and the dose of fertilizer.
<p><strong>Genetic variability of selfing Mapanget Tall coconut No. 32 based on RAPD marker</strong></p><p>The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of seling Mapanget Tall coconut No. 32 used RAPD marker. Ihe method of morphology, fruit component and isozymc analyses could not explain the homozygote level of the offspring and his parents. The DNA analysis was done at Plant Biology Laboratory, PAU, Life Science IPB, and the coconut leaflets samples were collected from Kima Atas Research Instalation, Research Institute for Coconut and Palmae, Manado. This research the study was conducted from November 1999 to Fcbruay 2000. Coconut materials analyzed were DMT 32-OP, DMT 32-S2, DM 1 32-S3 andDMT32-S4. DMT 32-S2 was the offsprings of the selfcd DMT 32- SI coconut seling. and the DMT 32-SI came from the sclfed of DMT 32-OP. Then selfcd DMT 32-S2 produced were found the DMT 32-S3. and selfcd of DMT 32-S3 produced the progeny of DMT 32-S4. DNA was isolated using the method of ROHDE et at (1995), while DNA quantity and quality was using the method of SAMBROOK et al (1989). Then the DNA was ampliied using 10 random primer 10 mer and PCR apparatus of 2.400 Perkin-Elmer System. Ater thai the DNA was elcctrophorated, and photographed using Polaroid 667 ilm, then ihe biner data matrix of each coconut population was calculated lor Ilic number of monomorphism banding was found in DMT 32-S2. Ihe genetic similarity between DMT 32-S3 and DMT 32-S3 was the mosl similar at genetic distance of 90%. DMT 32-S3 resulted from self pollination can be recommended as parent material for hybridization.</p>
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