ABSTRAK<br />Peluang pengembangan agribisnis kelapa dengan produk bernilai<br />ekonomi tinggi sangat besar, antara lain Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Mutu<br />produk dari VCO di antaranya ditentukan dari kandungan asam lemak<br />rantai medium, MCFA (C 6 -C 12 ) dan asam laurat (C12:0). Penelitian<br />analisis keragaman asam lemak pada koleksi plasma nutfah kelapa telah<br />dilakukan pada 35 varietas kelapa yang ditanam di Kebun Percobaan<br />Mapanget, Balitka tahun 2005. Teknologi proses VCO sebagai sampel<br />menggunakan proses pemanasan bertahap, dan sebagian sampel meng-<br />gunakan cara fermentasi. Sampel VCO dari 35 varietas kelapa ini dikirim<br />ke Laboratorium Terpadu IPB Bogor untuk dianalisis kadar asam<br />lemaknya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keragaman<br />kandungan asam lemak, khususnya asam laurat pada berbagai varietas<br />kelapa yang cocok untuk bahan baku VCO. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan<br />bahwa keragaman kandungan MCFA dan kadar asam laurat dipengaruhi<br />oleh varietas kelapa, tinggi tempat tumbuh, teknologi proses VCO dan<br />tempat analisis laboratorium. Hasil analisis asam lemak dari VCO pada 35<br />aksesi kelapa koleksi Balitka Manado diperoleh bahwa total kandungan<br />MCFA pada kelapa Dalam lebih tinggi dari kelapa Genjah. Total<br />kandungan MCFA kelapa Dalam antara 47,35% sampai 57,89%,<br />sedangkan pada kelapa Genjah antara 45,45% sampai 55,68%. Dari 35<br />aksesi kelapa ini diperoleh bahwa total MCFA di atas 56% ditemukan<br />pada 10 aksesi kelapa Dalam, yaitu Dalam Kinabuhutan, Dalam Tontalete,<br />Dalam Kalasey, Dalam Wusa, Dalam Pungkol, Dalam Mapanget 55 dan<br />Dalam Mapanget 99 asal Sulawesi Utara, lalu Dalam Lubuk Pakam asal<br />Sumatera Utara, Dalam Banyuwangi asal Jawa Timur, dan Dalam Palu<br />asal Sulawesi Tengah. Kandungan asam laurat (C12:0) pada VCO dari<br />kelapa Dalam lebih tinggi sekitar 2%-3% dibandingkan dengan kelapa<br />Genjah. Kadar asam laurat pada 35 aksesi kelapa beragam antara terendah<br />36,04% pada kelapa Genjah Hijau Nias asal Sumut, sampai tertinggi<br />44,19% pada kelapa Dalam Kinabuhutan asal Sulut. Aksesi kelapa yang<br />mengandung kadar asam laurat di atas 43% adalah kelapa Dalam<br />Kinabuhutan, Dalam Tontalete, Dalam Lubuk Pakam, Dalam Wusa dan<br />Dalam Mapanget 55. Kelapa yang sama varietasnya dan ditanam pada dua<br />lokasi yang berbeda tinggi tempatnya diperoleh kadar asam laurat pada<br />kopra di dataran rendah (80 m dpl.) ternyata lebih tinggi antara 1,78%<br />sampai 3,94% dibandingkan yang berasal dari dataran tinggi (450 m dpl.).<br />Teknologi fermentasi menghasilkan kandungan asam laurat rata-rata lebih<br />tinggi antara 2,03% sampai 3,48% pada empat varietas kelapa Dalam dari<br />lima varietas yang diuji.<br />Kata kunci : Kelapa, Cocos nucifera, varietas, pasca panen, asam lemak,<br />asam laurat, minyak kelapa, Sulawesi Utara<br />ABSTRACT<br />Lauric acid profile of various coconut varieties as raw<br />material for VCO<br />Coconut agribusiness development has large opportunity to produce<br />high value coconut product, such as Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). The<br />quality of VCO is determined by the content of medium chain fatty acid,<br />MCFA (C 6 -C 12 ) and lauric acid (C12:0). Analysis of fatty acid variation<br />from coconut germplasm collection was done on 35 coconut varieties<br />planted at Mapanget Experimental Garden, ICOPRI in 2005. The<br />prossesing technology of VCO used step heating, and some samples also<br />used fermentation. The VCO samples of 35 coconut varieties was sent to<br />Integrated Laboratory of IPB Bogor to find out the content of fatty acids.<br />The purpose of the study was to know the variability of fatty acid contents,<br />especially for lauric acid content in various coconut varieties as raw<br />materials for VCO. The research result showed that the content of MCFA<br />and lauric acid was influenced by coconut varieties, altitude of coconut<br />palm growth, processing technology of VCO and defferent laboratories for<br />analysis the fatty acids. The result of fatty acids analysis of VCO from 35<br />coconut accessions of ICOPRI germplasm collection found that total of<br />MCFA content on tall coconut is higher than dwarf coconut. Total of<br />MCFA content on tall coconut ranges 47.35%-57.89%, whereas on dwarf<br />coconut it ranges of 45.45%-55.68%. From 35 coconut accessions, there<br />were 10 accessions that showed total MCFA higher than 56% namely:<br />Kinabuhutan Tall, Tontalete Tall, Kalasey Tall, Wusa Tall, Pungkol Tall,<br />Mapanget 55 Tall and Mapanget 99 Tall from North Sulawesi, and then<br />Lubuk Pakam Tall from North Sumatera, Banyuwangi Tall from East Java,<br />and Palu Tall from Central Sulawesi. Lauric acid content of VCO of tall<br />coconut was higher 2%-3% compared to dwarf coconut. Lauric acid<br />content of 35 coconut accessions varied from the lowest 36.04% on Nias<br />Green Dwarf from North Sumatera, up to the highest 44.19% on<br />Kinabuhutan Tall from North Sulawesi. Coconut accessions that have<br />lauric acid content higher than 43% were Kinabuhutan Tall, Totalete tall,<br />Lubuk Pakam Tall, Wusa Tall and Mapanget 55 Tall. The same varieties<br />of tall and hybrid coconut planting on two different altitudes showed the<br />lauric acid content of copra on lowland plain (80 m above sea level) was<br />higher between 1.78% to 3.94% compared to the same varieties on upland<br />plain (450 m above sea level). The fermentation processing technology of<br />VCO has resulted average of lauric acid content are higher between 2.03%<br />to 3.48% on four varieties of coconut tall, from the five varieties. In the<br />future it is necessary to develope the protocol of VCO which is matched<br />with Indonesian National Standardization of VCO.<br />Key words: Coconut, Cocos nucifera, variety, pest harvest, fatty acid,<br />lauric acid, coconut oil, North Sulawes

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Informasi jarak genetik dan hubungan kekerabatan sangatdiperlukan dalam merakit varietas unggul. Semakin jauh jarak genetikantar tetua maka peluang dihasilkan kultivar baru dengan variabilitasgenetik yang luas akan menjadi semakin besar. Sebaliknya, persilanganantar tetua berkerabat dekat akan menghasilkan variabilitas yang sempit.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei 2007 di Kabupaten MinahasaUtara, Minahasa Selatan dan Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara. Disetiap kabupaten ditetapkan tiga desa contoh pada ketinggian yangberbeda. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkatkekerabatan dan jarak genetik sembilan aksesi plasma nutfah kelapa asalSulawesi Utara yang akan digunakan sebagai materi pemuliaan dalamperakitan kelapa unggul. Untuk mengetahui kekerabatan antara sembilanaksesi kelapa tersebut diukur jarak genetiknya dengan menggunakanperhitungan nilai D 2 statistik dari Mahalanobis didasarkan pada delapankarakter komponen buah, yaitu panjang buah, lebar buah, berat buah utuh,berat buah tanpa sabut, berat buah tanpa air, berat daging buah, tebaldaging buah, dan berat tempurung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwakesembilan aksesi kelapa tersebut membentuk lima kelompok dan jarakgenetik terbesar terdapat antara kelompok II (Dalam Lansot, DalamMongkonai, Dalam Dua Saudara) dan IV (Dalam Kaleosan, Dalam Kema)dengan nilai D 2 = 2.196,57. Sumbangan terbesar terjadinya jarak genetiktersebut diperoleh dari karakter tebal daging buah.</p><p>Kata kunci : Cocos nucifera L., kekerabatan, genetik, kelapa dalam</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Genetic relationship among nine coconut accessions fromNorth SulawesiThe research was conducted in May 2007 at North Minahasa, SouthMinahasa, and Bolaang Mongondow Regions, North Sulawesi Province.From each region, three villages with different elevation were determined.The objective of the research was to find out genetic relationship amongnine coconut germplasm accessions for breeding material in composinghigh yielding coconut. The genetic relationships were estimated using D 2Mahalanobis Statistics based on eight characters of fruit component, suchas length of fruit, width of fruit, fruit weight, unhusked fruit weight,weight of fruit without water, weight of endosperm, thickness of kernel,and weight of shell. The result showed that the nine accessions weredivided into five groups and the widest genetic distance had been foundbetween group II (Lansot Tall, Mongkonai Tall, Dua Saudara Tall) and IV(Kaleosan Tall, Kema Tall) with the D 2  value of 2,196.57. The highestcontribution to the genetic relationship was thick of kernel (50%contribution). Lansot Tall and Kaleosan Tall can be used as parents forprepotent coconut.</p><p>Key words : Cocos nucifera L., genetic relationship, tall coconut</p>

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati, Jawa Tengah merupakan<br />kekayaaan hayati asli Indonesia dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi. Informasi<br />keragaman genetik kelapa kopyor masih terbatas. Data keragaman<br />morfologi dan genetik diperlukan dalam program pemuliaan kelapa<br />kopyor. Penelitian ini mempelajari keragaman tiga varietas kelapa genjah<br />kopyor asal Pati yang telah dilepas berdasarkan karakter morfologi,<br />kuantitas endosperma, dan keragaman alel marka SSR. Penelitian<br />dilakukan di Pati dan di Laboratorium Plant Molecular Biology,<br />Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap<br />tiga populasi kelapa Genjah kopyor (hijau, coklat, dan kuning) dengan 30<br />tanaman sampel untuk setiap populasi. Rataan data morfologi digunakan<br />untuk menyusun dendogram. Kuantitas endosperma diamati pada satu<br />buah kelapa kopyor per tanaman yang dievaluasi. Karakteristik<br />endosperma dikelompokkan sesuai kategori yang telah ditetapkan. Untuk<br />setiap populasi, analisis marka dengan lima pasang primer SSR dilakukan<br />pada 10 tanaman sampel. Data yang didapat digunakan untuk menentukan<br />keragaman genetik kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati. Hasil pengamatan<br />menunjukkan keragaman morfologis dan alel SSR antar tanaman dalam<br />varietasnya (keragaman intra-varietas) rendah. Sebaliknya, keragaman<br />morfologis dan alel SSR antar varietasnya tinggi. Kuantitas endosperma<br />kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati bervariasi antara skor 1–6. Keragaman<br />genetik yang rendah dalam varietas dan tinggi antar ketiga varietas (coklat,<br />hijau, dan kuning) memperkuat pelepasan ketiganya sebagai varietas lokal.<br />Selain itu, keragaman genetik antar tanaman dalam varietas yang rendah<br />mendukung penggunaan ketiga varietas lokal sebagai tetua dalam program<br />perakitan varietas kelapa kopyor unggul baru. Tetua yang dipilih dapat<br />diseleksi intra-varietas berdasarkan persentase buah kopyor per tandan<br />dan skor kuantitas endosperma yang tinggi.<br />Kata kunci: Keragaman morfologis, keragaman intra dan antar varietas,<br />kuantitas endosperma</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Kopyor dwarf coconuts are mutants from Pati, Central Java having<br />high economic values. However, morphological and genetic diversities of<br />this coconut were still limited. Morphological and genetic diversity data<br />are needed for breeding program. The research objectives were to evaluate<br />intra and inter-specific diversity based on morphology, endosperm<br />quantity, and SSR alleles. Field evaluations were conducted in Pati while<br />laboratory activities were at Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory,<br />Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB. Three populations of<br />kopyor dwarf varieties (brown, green, and yellow) were evaluated. Thirty<br />trees were sampled for each population. The average of morphological<br />data were used to construct cluster analysis. Endosperm quantity was<br />scored (0 – 9) based on a single nut sample. Ten palms were analyzed<br />using five SSR loci for each population and used to determine genetic<br />diversity of populations. Results of observations indicated intra-variety<br />morphological and SSR allele variations among kopyor dwarf was low.<br />However, inter-variety variations were high. The endosperm quantity<br />scores among kopyor dwarf coconut ranged from 1–6. The low intra-<br />variety and high inter-variety variations among the three kopyor dwarf<br />coconut supported their release as different local varieties. Moreover, the<br />low intra-variety phenotypic and genotypic diversities among kopyor<br />brown, green, and yellow dwarf coconut support their use as parents for<br />new and superior kopyor coconut variety development in the future. For<br />such purpose, however, it is necessary to conduct intra-variety selection to<br />identify desirable parents based on high kopyor fruit percentage per bunch<br />and for high kopyor endosperm quantity.<br />Key words: Morphological diversity, intra and inter variety diversities,<br />quantity, endosperm</p>

<p>Sago development requires plant material as superior seedlings for rehabilitation and replanting. Until 2016 two superior sago varieties were released, namely Molat sago varieties from Maluku in 2011 and Selatpanjang Meranti sago varieties from the Meranti Islands Regency, Riau in 2013. Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province is one of the areas of natural sago growth, and producing sago starch . This district has the opportunity to develop sago palms as a potential and regional producer. In connection with that, a research has been conducted which aims to find out and obtain superior sago species from Indragiri Hilir Regency, from 2015 to 2017. The research method was conducted by observing the sago population with high yield potential. For the observation, 10 sample trees every year were selected in each location/village in Gaung Anak Serka District, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province. Data observations were carried out on the morphological characteristics of sago and suckers, sago starch production potential, and proximate analysis. Observation data were analyzed for diversity, standard deviation and coefficient of variance. Morphological observations and production of Bestari sago starch obtained an average leaf length of 8.00 m, diameter of the diameter of bottom stem 47.37 cm, circumference of the bottom stem 148.52 cm, the number of leaf scars on the leaf-free stem 53.23 scars, the number leaves on the crown 16.98 strands, the distance of leaf scar 12.42 cm, the length of the petiole 231.00 cm, the width of the petiole 9.25 cm, the thickness of the petiole 3.93 cm, the length of the rachis 660.33 cm, the length of the leaflets 155.59 cm, leaflets width 9.39 cm, and dry starch yield 254.94 kg per palm. Proximate analysis results on Bestari sago starch obtained an average water content of 13.00%, ash content of 0.60%, fat content of 0.83%, protein content of 0.84%, crude fiber content of 0.29%, and carbohydrate content was 84.34%, with 350 calories, Vitamin C 0.96 mg/100 gr sago starch, and total sugar around 1.43%. Hoping that sago Bestari variety will become the suckers resources for sago development in Indragiri Hilir Region, Riau Province and other region of Indonesia.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRAK </strong></p><p>Pengembangan sagu membutuhkan bahan tanaman sebagai bibit unggul untuk rehabilitasi dan penanaman kembali. Sampai tahun 2016 telah dilepas dua varietas sagu unggul, yaitu varietas sagu Molat asal Maluku tahun 2011 dan varietas sagu Selatpanjang Meranti asal Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti, Riau tahun 2013. Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Provinsi Riau adalah salah satu daerah pertumbuhan sagu alami dan penghasil pati sagu. Kabupaten ini memiliki peluang untuk dikembangkan tanaman sagu sebagai potensi dan penghasilan daerah. Sehubungan dengan itu, maka telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendapatkan jenis sagu unggul asal Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, sejak tahun 2015 sampai tahun 2017. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan observasi terhadap populasi sagu potensi hasil tinggi. Untuk pengamatan telah dipilih sebanyak 10 pohon contoh setiap tahun di setiap lokasi/Desa di Kecamatan Gaung Anak Serka, Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Provinsi Riau. Pengamatan data dilakukan terhadap karakteristik morfologi tanaman sagu dan anakan, potensi produksi pati sagu, dan analisis proksimat. Data pengamatan dianalisis keragaman, simpangan baku dan koefisien keragamannya. Hasil pengamatan morfologi dan produksi pati sagu Bestari diperoleh rata-rata panjang bebas daun 8,00 m, diameter batang bawah 47,37 cm, lingkar batang bawah 148,52 cm, jumlah bekas pelepah daun pada batang bebas daun 53,23 buah, jumlah daun pada mahkota 16,98 helai, jarak antar pelepah 12,42 cm, panjang pelepah 231,00 cm,lebar pelepah 9,25 cm, tebal pelepah 3,93 cm, panjang daun 660,33 cm, panjang anak daun 155,59 cm, lebar anak daun 9,39 cm, dan produksi pati kering 254,94 kg per pohon. Hasil analisis proksimat pada pati sagu Bestari diperoleh rata-rata kadar air 13,00%, kadar abu 0,60%, kadar lemak 0,83%, kadar protein 0,84%, kandungan serat kasar 0,29%, dan kadar karbohidrat adalah 84,34%, dengan 350 kalori, Vitamin C 0,96 mg/100 gr pati sagu, dan total gula sekitar 1,43%. Diharapkan varietas sagu Bestari menjadi sumber benih untuk pengembangan sagu di Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Riau dan daerah Indonesia lainnya</p>

<p>The study was conducted to determine the potential of three Dwarf Coconut accessions in the production of sap and coconut sugar. The research was carried out in the Coconut germplasm collections of Indonesian Palm Crop Research Institute in Manado on August to November 2015 using the three Dwarf Coconut accession  ie Waingapu Red Dwarf (WRD), Sweet Green Dwarf (SGD) and Raja Brown Dwarf (RBD). Each accession consisting of six palms, and the  three tapped bunches from each palm were observed. Parameters observed were production of sap/bunches/day, length of tapping/bunches, length of bunches and bunches circumference, pH of sap, brix, and sugar yield<strong>.</strong> The results showed that coconut WRD, SGD and RBD can produce sap. Potential production of sap varied between accessions. The average production of sap /bunches /day of WRD (1006.57 ml) was higher than that in RBD (627.81 ml) and SGD (740.79 ml). The average length of taping/bunches was 22-23 days, pH 5.5-5,6 and sugar content (brix) 14,47-16,63%. The sap produced by the three coconut accessions can be processed into sugar. The yield of coconut sugar in the form of crystal sugar was 14.25-16.58%.</p><p>Keywords: potential, Dwarf, coconut, sap, sugar</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p class="Default">Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi tiga aksesi koleksi kelapa Genjah dalam produksi nira dan gula kelapa. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kebun koleksi plasma nutfah Balai Penelitian Tanaman Palma di Manado pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan November 2015 menggunakan tiga aksesi kelapa Genjah yaitu Genjah Merah Waingapu (GMW), Genjah Hijau Manis (GHM) dan Genjah Raja (GRA). Masing-masing aksesi diamati enam pohon dan setiap pohon diamati tiga tandan yang disadap. Parameter yang diamati yaitu produksi nira/tandan/hari, lama penyadapan/tandan, panjang tandan dan lingkar tandan yang disadap, pH nira, kadar gula (brix) dan rendemen gula. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kelapa GHM, GMW dan GRA dapat memproduksi nira. Potensi produksi nira beragam antar aksesi. Rata-rata produksi nira/tandan/hari GMW (1006,57 ml) lebih tinggi dari pada GRA (627,81 ml) dan GHM (740,79 ml). Rata-rata lama penyadapan nira/tandan 22-23 hari, pH nira 5,5-5,6 dan kadar gula (brix) 14,47-16,63%. Nira yang dihasilkan tiga aksesi kelapa Genjah tersebut dapat diolah menjadi gula. Nilai rendemen gula kelapa dalam bentuk kristal/semut 14,25-16,58%.</p><p class="Default">Kata kunci: potensi, kelapa, Genjah, nira, gula</p>

<p>Coconut seedlings are growing well with an important role in supporting the success of planting coconut in the field. The higher seed viability are growing well, the more the seed that grew into a coconut seedlings. This study aims to determine seed viability, growth and development of the Bido Tall coconut (DBO) seeds, Hybrid Dwarf x DBO and Khina-1. Coconut variety Bido Tall  is a coconut variety that was just released in 2017 originating from Bido village. This coconut has the advantage of large fruit, fast flowering, short stems,  and stalks slowly getting higher. The research was conducted at the Mapanget Experimental Garden, Indonesion  Palm Crops Research Institute from 2016 - 2018 using a single block method. The material used in this study is derived seed from coconut DBO, Hybrid Genjah x DBO, and Khina-1 coconut. The results showed that the viability seeds of Bido Tall coconut ranged from 73,15% - 88,10%, while the Hybrid Dwarf  x Bido Tall coconut 46,18% - 85,19%. Coconut seedlings do not all grow normally, there are some seeds were stunted (dwarf or a rosette), and the seeds are dead. Besides that, there are seeds that grow with two shoots (polyembriony) and dwarf. Characteristics of plant height, stem girth and leaves number of DB0 coconut are generally higher than Hybrid coconuts Dwarf x DBO and Khina-1. Hybrid Coconut GMW x DBO and GSK x DBO are the two best Hybrid coconut  that has characteristics of plant height, stem girth and leaves number close to or equal to the DBO coconut elders, which is more vigorous than other Hybrid coconuts included with the comparison Khina-1. Red Waingapu and Salak Dwarf coconuts are thought to be the best combining ability with DBO coconut.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Bibit kelapa yang tumbuh baik mempunyai peranan penting dalam menunjang keberhasilan penanaman kelapa di lapangan. Semakin tinggi viabilitas benih yang tumbuh baik, semakin banyak benih yang tumbuh menjadi bibit kelapa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui viabilitas benih, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bibit kelapa Dalam Bido (DBO), Hibrida Genjah x DBO dan Khina-1. Varietas kelapa DBO adalah varietas kelapa yang baru dirilis tahun 2017 yang berasal dari Desa Bido. Kelapa ini memiliki keunggulan yaitu buahnya besar, cepat berbunga, batang pendek, batangnya lambat bertambah tinggi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Mapanget, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Palma dari tahun 2016 – 2018 dengan menggunakan metode blok tunggal. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah benih yang berasal dari kelapa DBO, Hibrida Genjah x DBO, dan Khina-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa viabilitas benih kelapa DBO berkisar 73,15% – 88,10%, sedangkan kelapa Hibrida Genjah x DBO 46,18% – 85,19%. Bibit kelapa tidak semuanya  tumbuh normal, terdapat beberapa bibit yang terhambat pertumbuhannya (kerdil atau roset), dan  bibit yang mati. Selain hal tersebut,  terdapat  benih yang tumbuh  dengan dua tunas (poliembrioni) dan kerdil. Karakter tinggi tanaman, lingkar batang dan jumlah daun kelapa DBO pada umunya lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelapa Hibrida Genjah x DBO dan Khina-1. Kelapa Hibrida Genjah merah Waingapu (GMW)  x DBO dan Genjah Salak (GSK) x DBO merupakan dua kelapa Hibrida terbaik yang memiliki karakater tinggi tanaman, lingkar batang dan jumlah daun mendekati atau sama dengan tetua kelapa DBO, dan lebih vigor dibandingkan kelapa Hibrida lainnya termasuk dengan pembanding Khina-1. Kelapa Genjah Merah Waingapu dan Genjah Salak diduga paling baik daya gabungnya dengan  kelapa DBO.</p>

The desirable future coconut variety characteristics should include (1) short trunk and low height increment, (2) early bearing, (3) high nut yield, and (4) high neera (coconut sugar sap). High yoelding but short coconut palm statures make it easy to harvest the nuts and tap the neera. The Dwarf coconut varieties are generally early bearing with a low height increment and plenty nuts per fruit bunch. The Bido tall coconut bears fruits as early as three years after planting and with high nut yield, a low height increment and a very short trunk. This study aims to evaluate early vegetative growth (2 – 3 years after planting) of eight coconut hybrids derived from combinations of Dwarfs x Bido tall hybridizations. The arrays of hybrid coconuts consisted of hybridization between three Dwarf coconut varieties by Bido tall generated in 2016, and those between five Dwarf coconut varieties by Bido tall generated in 2017. The KHINA-1 hybrid was used as the standard hybrid control. Results of the evaluation showed the evaluated Waingapu Red Dwarf x Bido tall hybrids have the largest stem girth and the highest plant heightOn the other hand, Aromatic Green Dwarf x Bido tall hybrids showed the highest leaf numbers. However, all hybrid combinations showed the same stem girth diameter at two years after planting. At two and three years after planting, the Raja Brown Dwarf x Bido tall hybrids were the tallest, while the Nias Yellow Dwarf x Bido tall coconut hybrids have the highest leaf number. All of the Dwarf x Bido tall coconut hybrids showed good vegetative performance at two and three years after planting. The differences in early vegetative performances among the evaluated Dwarf x Bido tall might indicate the differences in early bearing, high nut yield and high neera characters of the hybrids.

The agricultural sector in North Sulawesi is about 50-60% of smallholder plantation areas with an area of 413,000 ha, and approximately 97% of its managers are farmers located in one area. There are nine plantation crops that are generally managed by independent farmers with an average land ownership of 1.2 ha/family farmers. Farm management of each commodity is more dominant conventionally and monoculture. The financial value per unit of farming of various commodities is still low due to several factors, such as sales transactions and the acquisition of production equipment is still carried out individually. Based on the above background, an analysis of the acceleration of smallholder plantation development is carried out through the development of farmer economic institutions in North Sulawesi. This paper aims to see the importance of building a developed and independent farmer economic institution for the acceleration of smallholder plantation development. The data used is secondary data and the results of the research were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The result of this study show that a developed and independent farmer economic institution in each village will greatly help farmers to guarantee the development of commercial farming and farmers income more adequately.