ABSTRAK<br />Air kelapa dan daging kelapa muda memiliki rasa dan aroma khas,<br />namun kelezatannya tidak bisa dinikmati setiap saat oleh setiap orang,<br />karena umur simpan kelapa muda terbatas dan sulitnya distribusi. Salah<br />satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk memperpanjang masa simpan dan<br />mempermudah distribusi adalah melalui proses pengeringan, misalnya<br />dengan spray drier. Bahan pangan yang dikeringkan dengan spray drier<br />harus berupa suspensi dan hasil akhir bentuk serbuk. Penelitian dilakukan<br />dengan mengeringkan campuran air kelapa dan daging buah kelapa muda<br />dengan spray drier. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh<br />perbandingan antara air kelapa dan daging buah kelapa muda terhadap<br />mutu serbuk minuman kelapa selama penyimpanan. Penelitian disusun<br />secara faktorial dalam rancangan acak lengkap. Faktor A, kematangan air<br />kelapa : (A1) tua dan (A2) muda. Faktor B, penambahan daging kelapa<br />muda : (B1) 15%, (B2) 20% dan (B3) 25%. Faktor C, lama penyimpanan:<br />(C1) 0 bulan, (C2) 1 bulan, dan (C3) 2 bulan., (C4) 3 bulan dan (C5) 4<br />bulan. Ulangan 2 kali. Pengamatan terdiri dari : kalium, serat pangan,<br />warna, aroma dan rasa, total mikroba, pH, total padatan, total asam dan<br />kadar air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan total padatan Serbuk Minuman<br />Kelapa (SMK) berkisar 7,59-9,50%, pH 4,94-5,35 dan total asam 25,85-<br />43,90. Serat pangan 4,70-5,54%, kalium tertinggi pada air kelapa tua<br />dengan penambahan daging kelapa muda 20%, yaitu 1.328,58 mg/100 g.<br />Sedangkan kadar air 5,15- 7,84%. Warna 3,617-3,719 (biasa sampai suka);<br />aroma 3,000 – 3,960 (biasa sampai suka), dan rasa manis 2,500-3,640<br />(suka). Total mikroba SMK 3,72- 4,43 log CFU/g. Kematangan air kelapa<br />berpengaruh terhadap kadar serat pangan. Penambahan daging kelapa<br />muda berpengaruh terhadap kadar serat pangan dan warna. Lama<br />penyimpanan berpengaruh terhadap total padatan. Interaksi kematangan air<br />kelapa, penambahan daging kelapa muda dan lama penyimpanan ber-<br />pengaruh terhadap pH, total asam, aroma, rasa dan total mikroba.<br />Berdasarkan skor rasa, kadar air, kalium, serat pangan dan total mikroba,<br />maka SMK yang memiliki mutu baik dan berpotensi dikembangkan adalah<br />formula air kelapa tua dengan penambahan 20% daging kelapa muda.<br />Kata kunci : Kelapa, Cocos nucifera, pengolahan, serbuk minuman,<br />Sulawesi Utara<br />ABSTRACT<br />Effect of coconut water and young coconut kernel ratio<br />and storage duration to the quality of coconut water<br />concentrate<br />Coconut water and young coconut kernel have unique flavor and<br />odour. Since these products can not be kept longer and distribution<br />problem, so both of them are not available everywhere and anytime.<br />Drying method with spray dryer equipment is a method to extend the<br />product life product. Generally, spray dryer is used to make some food<br />products in powder form deriving from suspension. Raw materials used in<br />this experiment were coconut water from both of young and mature nut<br />and young coconut kernel. The mixture was dried with spray dryer. The<br />objective of this research was to find out the effect of coconut water and<br />young coconut kernel ratio to the quality of coconut water concentrate<br />during storage. The experiment was arranged in factorial using completely<br />randomized design with 2 replications. Factor A was maturity of coconut<br />water consist of (A1) young coconut water and (A2) mature coconut<br />water. Factor B was ratio of young coconut kernel and coconut water :<br />(B1) 15%, (B2) 20%, (B3) 25%. Factor C was : storage duration consist<br />of (C1) 0 month, (B2) 1 month, (B3) 2 months, (B4) 3 months and (B5) 4<br />months. The variables were observed as follow : kalium content, fiber<br />content, colour, flavor, odour, total plate count, acidity, total soluble solid,<br />total acid and water content. The results showed that coconut water<br />concentrate had 7.59-9.50% of total soluble solid, acidity (pH) 4.94-5.35<br />and total acid 25.85-43.90. By using 20% young coconut kernel in mature<br />coconut water obtained product with fiber content about 4.70-5.54% and<br />highest potassium content around 1,328.58 mg/100g. Score of organoleptic<br />test as follow : colur is 3.617-3.719 (neither like nor dislike), odour is<br />3.00-3.96 (neither like nor dislike to like) and flavor is sweet about 2.50-<br />3.96 (like). Total plate count of coconut water concentrate is about 3.72-<br />4.43 log CFU/g. Maturity of coconut water affected fiber content. Adding<br />young coconut kernel affected total soluble solid. Whereas interaction of<br />coconut water maturity, adding coconut kernel and storage duration<br />affected some variables like pH, total acid, odour, flavor and total plate<br />count. Based on the results of flavour, moisture content, potassium<br />content, fiber content and total plate count showed coconut water<br />concentrate had good quality. So it is potential to be developed. The best<br />formula is FORMULA E which was derived from mature coconut water<br />with 20% young coconut kernel.<br />Key words: Coconut, Cocos nucifera, processing, concentrate drink,<br />North Sulawes
Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr) is a type of palm that has a fairly high economic value, is spreading widely in Indonesia. All parts of the sugar plant ranging from leaves to roots can be utilized. The main result is the sap of the sugar plant, sugar palm juice contains between 10-15%. Because the sugar content of the sugar palm can be processed into alcohol, palm sugar, palm syrup, palm vinegar and ethanol. Based on the analysis results obtained, sugar palm farmers monthly fee of Rp. 2,196,815, year. Average monthly revenues of Rp 4.1236 million, -and Rp 49.483.200, -per year. Palm farmers' income of Rp 1,926,785, year. Analysis of R / C Ratio > 1 is 1.88, which means businesses aren farmer in Tomohon is getting profit.
More than 40 countries produce world rice, only six major exporting countries, namely India, Vietnam, Thailand, Pakistan, Myanmar, and the United States. The availability of rice on the world market annually ranges from 39-42 million tons that 40% of it imported by Asian countries, and China imports 6 million tons per year. Retail rice prices in Japan are USD 5.20/kg, Saudi Arabia USD 2.30/kg, and in Africa around USD 1.0 / kg, higher than Indonesia. The price of medium rice offered in the world market ranges from USD 0.34 - USD 0.4 per kg, while the price of special rice is USD 1,000/ton or more. Indonesia has the opportunity to export Basmati and aromatic rice to Japan and Saudi Arabia, which purchased at high prices. This export opportunities driven by reciprocal bilateral trade. Rice export to African countries needs to be explore under bilateral trade agreements. Indonesia has chance to export rice if it is able to consistently achieve a production surplus of at least 2 million tons per year. At the stage of exports, the role of the government needed in the form of tax breaks, quality assurance certification and subsidies for the rice production process.
Increasing the national soybean production had been attempted through various ways, among others was the implementation of an Integrated Crop Management (ICM), transferred to farmers through Field School (FS). There were 10 components on the soybean ICM technology, consisting of mandatory and optional components. This study was aimed to analyze factors influencing the rate of ICM adoption. The research was carried out in Sopeng and Bone District, South Sulawesi in 2015. Data was collected through a survey involving 30 soybean farmers selected at a simple random manner. Data analysis used a binary logistic regression approach, where the adoption gap was the dependent variables and the 12 variables influencing the adoption were independent variables, namely: age of farmer, formal education, farming experience, family size, land holding, distance of farm to the village, distance to the main technology sources (BPTP), distance to the nearest extension office (BPP), distance to the financial source, distance to market, information facility, and land tenure status. Results showed: (1) Farmers' preferences to the technology components varied as indicated by the differences of technology components adopted by farmers, (2) The technology adoption gap for the accelerated adoption took 1-4 years, (3) Five independent variables were partially influenced the acceleration of technology adoption, namely farm size, distance to the village, distance to BPTP, distance to the extension office, and land tenure status, (4) Technology adoption would be accelerated by 100% if farm size was 1 ha more, and even six times more if the farm location is closer to the village. The implications of the study was to accelerate the rate of technology adoption a participatory technological guidance by agricultural extension is needed, preferably for farmers with larger farm size, shorter distance of farm from the village, and closer to the extension office.
Increasing rice production is not only relied on from irrigated and rainfed rice fields, but also on dry land (upland rice). Development of upland rice on sub-optimal lands is one of the efforts to overcome the problem of vulnerability to rice availability, but until now its management is still not optimal. Minahasa District is one of the upland rice producing districts in North Sulawesi. This paper aims to identify matters related to sub-optimal land use for the sustainability of upland rice farming by farmers that can be developed in support of efforts to increase upland rice production in North Sulawesi, in addition to improving the existing technology used by farmers. This study was conducted in the Tombariri Subdistrict, Minahasa District, using a survey method. Data collection was carried out through field observations, surveys, documentation, in-depth interviews with key informants, and literature studies. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively. Based on field identification and the results of the study, it was found that the existing local farmers’ technology was still very simple, especially in the aspects of seed supply, planting and maintenance. Farmers are increasingly pursuing development towards organic farming. There are still many sub-optimal land uses that can be optimized for upland rice cultivation accompanied by improvements to the existing limiting factors on each land.
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