<p>ABSTRAK<br />Kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati, Jawa Tengah merupakan<br />kekayaaan hayati asli Indonesia dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi. Informasi<br />keragaman genetik kelapa kopyor masih terbatas. Data keragaman<br />morfologi dan genetik diperlukan dalam program pemuliaan kelapa<br />kopyor. Penelitian ini mempelajari keragaman tiga varietas kelapa genjah<br />kopyor asal Pati yang telah dilepas berdasarkan karakter morfologi,<br />kuantitas endosperma, dan keragaman alel marka SSR. Penelitian<br />dilakukan di Pati dan di Laboratorium Plant Molecular Biology,<br />Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap<br />tiga populasi kelapa Genjah kopyor (hijau, coklat, dan kuning) dengan 30<br />tanaman sampel untuk setiap populasi. Rataan data morfologi digunakan<br />untuk menyusun dendogram. Kuantitas endosperma diamati pada satu<br />buah kelapa kopyor per tanaman yang dievaluasi. Karakteristik<br />endosperma dikelompokkan sesuai kategori yang telah ditetapkan. Untuk<br />setiap populasi, analisis marka dengan lima pasang primer SSR dilakukan<br />pada 10 tanaman sampel. Data yang didapat digunakan untuk menentukan<br />keragaman genetik kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati. Hasil pengamatan<br />menunjukkan keragaman morfologis dan alel SSR antar tanaman dalam<br />varietasnya (keragaman intra-varietas) rendah. Sebaliknya, keragaman<br />morfologis dan alel SSR antar varietasnya tinggi. Kuantitas endosperma<br />kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati bervariasi antara skor 1–6. Keragaman<br />genetik yang rendah dalam varietas dan tinggi antar ketiga varietas (coklat,<br />hijau, dan kuning) memperkuat pelepasan ketiganya sebagai varietas lokal.<br />Selain itu, keragaman genetik antar tanaman dalam varietas yang rendah<br />mendukung penggunaan ketiga varietas lokal sebagai tetua dalam program<br />perakitan varietas kelapa kopyor unggul baru. Tetua yang dipilih dapat<br />diseleksi intra-varietas berdasarkan persentase buah kopyor per tandan<br />dan skor kuantitas endosperma yang tinggi.<br />Kata kunci: Keragaman morfologis, keragaman intra dan antar varietas,<br />kuantitas endosperma</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Kopyor dwarf coconuts are mutants from Pati, Central Java having<br />high economic values. However, morphological and genetic diversities of<br />this coconut were still limited. Morphological and genetic diversity data<br />are needed for breeding program. The research objectives were to evaluate<br />intra and inter-specific diversity based on morphology, endosperm<br />quantity, and SSR alleles. Field evaluations were conducted in Pati while<br />laboratory activities were at Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory,<br />Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB. Three populations of<br />kopyor dwarf varieties (brown, green, and yellow) were evaluated. Thirty<br />trees were sampled for each population. The average of morphological<br />data were used to construct cluster analysis. Endosperm quantity was<br />scored (0 – 9) based on a single nut sample. Ten palms were analyzed<br />using five SSR loci for each population and used to determine genetic<br />diversity of populations. Results of observations indicated intra-variety<br />morphological and SSR allele variations among kopyor dwarf was low.<br />However, inter-variety variations were high. The endosperm quantity<br />scores among kopyor dwarf coconut ranged from 1–6. The low intra-<br />variety and high inter-variety variations among the three kopyor dwarf<br />coconut supported their release as different local varieties. Moreover, the<br />low intra-variety phenotypic and genotypic diversities among kopyor<br />brown, green, and yellow dwarf coconut support their use as parents for<br />new and superior kopyor coconut variety development in the future. For<br />such purpose, however, it is necessary to conduct intra-variety selection to<br />identify desirable parents based on high kopyor fruit percentage per bunch<br />and for high kopyor endosperm quantity.<br />Key words: Morphological diversity, intra and inter variety diversities,<br />quantity, endosperm</p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRAK </span></p><p>Informasi keragaman dan hubungan genetik antar tetua dan progeni berperan penting dalam strategi pemuliaan tanaman kelapa. Identitas genetik antar progeni dari persilangan terkontrol perlu diidentifikasi untuk memastikan bahwa progeni berasal dari tetuanya, dan bukan akibat kontaminasi serbuk sari. Penggunaan marka mikrosatelit mampu mendeteksi keragaman genetik aksesi dan menduga kebenaran tetuanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi keragaman genetik populasi tetua GKN dan DTA serta hibrida KHINA-1, dan menganalisis hubungan genetik antara tetua GKN dan DTA dengan hibrida KHINA-1 menggunakan 19 marka mikrosatelit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai polimorfisme 19 marka mikrosatelit berkisar antara 0.18—0.72 dengan rataan jumlah alel 3.68 per lokus. Berdasarkan hasil analisis filogenetik dengan metode Neighbour Joining menggunakan program DARwin5, dapat diketahui bahwa populasi GKN tergolong dalam satu group; populasi DTA merupakan populasi yang heterogenus dengan sebagian besar individu tergabung ke dalam satu kelompok dan sisanya ke dalam minimal dua kelompok yang berbeda; dan populasi hibrida KHINA-1 terbagi ke dalam minimal lima kelompok yang berbeda. Estimasi struktur populasi dengan perangkat lunak STRUCTURE menunjukkan adanya tingkat segregasi dan atau rekombinasi yang tinggi pada populasi KHINA-1, yang mengindikasikan telah terjadi percampuran materi genetik antara tetua GKN dan DTA pada populasi hibrida KHINA-1. Seleksi yang lebih akurat menggunakan marka molekuler dapat membantu perakitan kelapa hibrida yang lebih produktif.</p><p>Kata kunci: Keragaman genetik, kelapa hibrida, marka mikrosatelit.</p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Genetic Diversity and Association among Nias Yellow Dwarf (NYD), Tenga Tall (TAT) and KHINA-1 Hybrid Coconuts Based on Microsatellite Markers </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRACT </span></p><p>Information on genetic diversity and association among parents and progenies plays an important role in plant breeding. Genetic identity among progenies derived from controlled population need to be determined to make sure that they are from hybridization of parents and they are not because of pollen contamination. Microsatellite markers can be used to evaluate genetic diversity and relationship among parents and their hybrid populations. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the genetic diversity of NYD, TAT and KHINA-1 hybrid populations; and to analyze the genetic relationship among the NYD and TAT as parents, with the KHINA-1 hybrid populations using 19 microsatellite markers. The results showed that the polymorphic information content (PIC) of 19 microsatellite markers loci was ranged from 0.18—0.72 and the average allele per locus was 3.68. Based on phylogenetic analysis using Neighbour-Joining for Tree Construction conducted by using DARwin5 software, individuals of the NYD population belong to a single group; the TAT population are heterogeneous population with the majority of the individuals are belonged into a single group and the rest are belonged to at least two separate groups; and those of KHINA-1 hybrid population are divided into at least five groups. Estimation of the population structure using STRUCTURE software shows that the presence of high segregation and or recombination event among the KHINA-1 progeny, indicating there has been a mixture of genetic materials from NYD and TAT parents in the KHINA-1 hybrids. More accurate selection using molecular marker should aid the development of more productive coconut hybrids.</p><p>Keywords: Genetic diversity, hybrid coconut, microsatellite marker.</p>
“Cungap” red (CR) coconut is an exotic coconut that has specific characters, i.e. the husk contains high antioxidant components. The study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of CR coconut (husk, kernel, and water). Tender and mature CR coconut fruits were collected from farmers at Sukarena Village, Ciomas District, Serang Regency, Banten Province. The mature nuts were evaluated for the physicochemical characteristics (moisture, protein, ash, fat and fatty acids profile). Vitamins and minerals were measured from the young coconut water. Anthocyanin and β-carotene were analysed from the tender nuts (husk, meat, and water). The results showed that CR kernel contained 8.35% of water, 2.02% of ash, 7.13% of protein, and 60.09% of fat. The medium-chain fatty acids were mainly from the coconut kernel fat (52.55%). Lauric acid was the major fatty acid (45.89%). The Majority of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium) contained in the coconut water; potassium content was the highest (289.95 mg/100 ml). The β-carotene content in the husk and kernel were 18.43/100g and 1.28 mg/100g, respectively. Also, the anthocyanin contents in the husk, kernel, and coconut water were 8.01 mg/100 g, 1.5 mg/100 g, and 0.8 mg/100 g, respectively. The study implies that CR coconut is potential as anthocyanin, β-carotene, and mineral sources for human health.
The main content of coconut kernels are fats and fatty acids as well as protein and amino acids, and these contents vary among the varieties. This variation of amino acids and fatty acids also occurs in Indonesian tall coconut varieties. The objective of this study was to characterize amino and fatty acids content of Indonesian tall coconut varieties, namely Mapanget Tall, Palu Tall, Bali Tall, Tenga Tall, Selayar Tall, OdeskaLobu Tall, Babasal Tall, and Mastutin Tall. This study was conducted in Manado and Bogor from 2014 - 2019 by using an observational method. The results showed that the coconut kernel has eight types of non-essential amino acids and eight types of essential amino acids. Palu Tall has the highest amino acid content: alanine, arginine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine, serine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Mapanget Tall has the highest contents of caprylic, capric, and lauric fatty acids, each with 9.04, 6.71, and 53.67 %, respectively. The result of this study can be used to develop varieties to obtain coconuts with high essential amino acids and fatty acids for the production of VCO, desiccated coconut, and other raw food materials.
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