Stufenweise einstellbar ist die Leitfähigkeit in einer Reihe aus acht Biphenyldithiolen mit festgelegten Torsionswinkeln zwischen den Arenebenen, die synthetisiert und in einem STM‐Einzelmolekülbruchkontakt untersucht wurden. Dabei ergab sich eine cos2‐Abhängigkeit zwischen dem Torsionswinkel und der Leitfähigkeit der einzelnen Moleküle (siehe Diagramm).
Background: The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) provides a standardized reporting system for salivary gland fine-needle aspiration (SGFNA). We review the clinical utility of the MSRSGC at a tertiary care cancer center by assessing the rates of malignancy (ROM) among different categories.Methods: A retrospective search was performed to retrieve all SGFNA cases performed at our institution between 1/1/07 and 12/31/18. The initial primary diagnoses were recorded and cases were then assigned to appropriate MSRSGC categories. ROM was then calculated for all categories.Results: A total of 976 cases were identified, and 373 with follow-up. The ROM was 19.7% (192/976) for all-comers and 51.3% (192/374) among cases with follow-up.Using MSRSGC, SGFNA showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 65.6%, 87.4%, 100%, and 72.6%, respectively. ROM for MSRSGC categories I, II, III, IVa, IVb, V, and VI were 20.7%, 30.0%, 45.8%, 3.3%, 50.7%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Utilizing MSRSGC resulted in a nondiagnostic rate of 14.4%. The nondiagnostic rate was lower when the procedure was performed by pathologists vs nonpathologists (12.9% vs 15.8%) but was comparable when rapid on site evaluation (ROSE) was performed (12.9% vs 11.6%).Conclusion: In our patient population, MSRSGC resulted in a perfect PPV and moderate NPV. Utilizing MSRSGC results in a higher nondiagnostic rate due to the inclusion of cases with benign elements or cyst contents only in this category. Performing ROSE is more important in attaining an adequate sample than the specialty of the person performing SGFNA. K E Y W O R D Sfine-needle aspiration, Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology, salivary gland
BACKGROUND Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) has been successful in diagnosing epithelial lesions of the breast. Its role in the evaluation of spindle cell and mesenchymal lesions of the breast, which include a variety of benign and malignant conditions, is less clear. This article discusses the cytologic features and differential diagnosis of these lesions, as well as the potential diagnostic pitfalls associated with them. METHODS FNAs of the breast, in which a spindle cell or mesenchymal component was a key or dominant feature, were retrieved. Fibroadenomas without cellular stroma and typical lipomas were excluded. RESULTS Forty‐six aspirates (0.87%) in a series of 5306 breast FNAs contained a significant spindle cell or mesenchymal component. The aspirates were classified into 4 categories: 1) reactive conditions, including 2 diabetic mastopathies, 3 granulation tissue specimens, and 7 granulomatous lesions; 2) benign neoplastic conditions, including 1 mammary hamartoma, 1 dermatofibroma, 1 fibromatosis, 2 granular cell tumors, 2 angiolipomas, and 7 cellular fibroadenomas; 3) low grade malignant neoplastic lesions, including 10 low grade phyllodes tumors; and 4) high grade malignant neoplastic lesions, including 1 metaplastic carcinoma with chondroid stroma, 1 pleomorphic liposarcoma, 2 malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 2 osteosarcomas, and 4 metastatic melanomas. A specific diagnosis was rendered in 38 cases (82.6%). The mammary hamartoma was diagnosed as fibrocystic changes; the dermatofibroma as benign spindle cell lesion, not otherwise specified (NOS); and the primary osteosarcoma as an atypical spindle cell proliferation, NOS. The reactive ductal epithelial cells in one of the granulomatous mastitis specimens, as well as the hyperplastic ductal epithelial cells in one of the phyllodes tumors, were interpreted as atypical ductal proliferation. The marked cytologic atypia displayed by one granular cell tumor was interpreted as low grade adenocarcinoma and the primary liposarcoma as poorly differentiated carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Breast lesions with a significant spindle cell or mesenchymal component are rarely encountered in FNA and constitute a heterogeneous group that may pose a diagnostic dilemma. FNA should be the initial diagnostic procedure for investigating these lesions, as a specific diagnosis was rendered in the majority of cases. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1999;87:359–71. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
In a twist: [28]Hexaphyrin phosphonium adducts formed from the reaction with phosphines have been identified as Möbius aromatic species. On the other hand, the Hückel aromatic [26]hexaphyrin PdII complex underwent regioselective nucleophilic reactions with phosphines to provide Möbius aromatic [28]hexaphyrin phosphonium adducts. The phosphonium ylide contribution is more dominant and hence more aromatic in the latter phosphonium PdII complexes.
Background The management of high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV)–related oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are distinct from HNSCC linked to smoking and alcohol use. HR‐HPV–positive HNSCC frequently presents as a cervical lymph node metastasis. Because fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is often the initial diagnostic procedure, evaluating HR‐HPV status in cytology specimens is important. The overexpression of p16 is a surrogate for HR‐HPV; however, the evaluation of p16 in FNAs remains controversial. Methods From September 2015 to December 2016, cytopathologists performed 25 FNAs of neck lymph nodes that were suspicious for HR‐HPV–positive HNSCC. Initial passes produced smears for on‐site evaluation and CytoLyt material. Additional passes were formalin‐fixed. A CytoLyt cell block (CCB) and a formalin‐fixed cell block (FFCB) were prepared, and p16 immunocytochemistry was performed. Results In 24 of 25 cases, the FFCB had diffuse (≥70% of cells), strong nuclear/cytoplasmic p16 staining. In all 24 of these cases, HR‐HPV was detected by in situ hybridization. The corresponding CCB had weak‐to‐moderate p16 staining in <70% of cells (range, 5%‐60% of cells) in 17 cases, 4 had weak‐to‐moderate diffuse staining, and 4 were acellular. The percentage of p16‐positive cells was significantly higher with FFCB than with CCB (formalin: 94% ± 2%; CytoLyt, 38% ± 7%; 2‐tailed, paired Student t test; P < .001; Fisher exact test, P < .001). Conclusions The fixative used had a drastic impact on p16 staining, which explained the staining variability reported in the literature. FFCBs show a diffuse staining pattern, which correlates with HR‐HPV status, whereas CCBs show a weaker and inconsistent staining pattern, which is more difficult to interpret.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is an accurate and cost-effective procedure for evaluating salivary gland lesions. Lymphoproliferative lesions may manifest as salivary gland enlargement. We report our experience with 43 cases of reactive and neoplastic lymphoproliferative lesions of the salivary glands evaluated by FNA, including 23 cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and 20 neoplastic lymphoproliferative processes. The latter included 2 multiple myelomas and 18 non-Hodgkin lymphomas (small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 1; small cleaved cell lymphoma, 1; lympho-plasmacytoid lymphoma, 1; mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, 2; mixed cell lymphoma, 4; lymphoblastic lymphoma, 1; and large cell lymphoma, 8). There were no false-negative diagnoses. Aspiration smears from 3 patients with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and 4 patients with malignant lymphoma initially were interpreted as atypical lymphoid proliferations or as suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Thus, FNA had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 87%. The majority of patients were treated medically without surgical intervention. Among the patients who underwent surgical resection of the salivary gland, 7 had an equivocal cytologic diagnosis and 2 had a benign cytologic diagnosis, but their parotid swelling failed to regress despite medical treatment. In most instances, FNA provides useful information for subsequent disease management and obviates surgical intervention.
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