Complex permanently sustainable area development is not possible without the application of effective developmental policy. It is necessary to supply the optimization of environmental, social, economic and spatial aspects of the area development, of which cumulative and synergistic effects and impacts are seen especially in spatial planning. The main task of the spatial planning is to create the conditions for the application of environmental management aiming to use the potential of the area for permanently sustainable development too. Environmental management is market-oriented, developmental, aim-oriented process covering various sectional interests, plans and strategies with the aim to make an integrated concept of permanently sustainable area development. The aim of the research was the assessment of potential risks within the implementation of selected environmental management instruments and their impact on permanently sustainable development of urban settlement as well as to develop the recommendations in order to make this action more effective. We used an examination of environmental management individual instruments' effectiveness to supply permanent sustainable area development in this process. Based on the analysis, we concluded that environmental management individual instruments are clearly overlapped with pursued aims, principles as well as in procedural and institutional aspects. By analyzing and evaluating their effectiveness, we concluded that their functionality is not sufficient.

Entrepreneurship education should develop entrepreneurial people and aspiration by equipping individuals with the appropriate knowledge and skills to initiate and sustain enterprises. The concept of entrepreneurial intention becomes an interesting question when analysing the efficiency of university education in EU countries. The main aim of this paper is to find out whether universities support entrepreneurial intentions toward sustainability by providing necessary knowledge and skills. The conclusions are based on the opinions of students collected by the surveys conducted at Polish, Czech, Hungarian and Slovak universities in 2018/2019. The general conclusion is that in all studied countries the support is expected by students, but it seems to be insufficient in the area of knowledge provided by the university.* This research was supported by the project, which has received funding from the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and of Slovak Academy of Sciences with title "Assessment changes in the qualitative structure of international economic relations under the influence of Industry 4.0 with implications for the EU and Slovak economic policies". Project registration number Reg. No. VEGA 1/0462/20.

Abstract

Many research studies indicate differences in the activities of small enterprises run by female and male entrepreneurs. These differences also apply to shaping entrepreneurial orientation. The main aim of the paper is to identify the entrepreneurial orientation in dimensions of autonomy, innovation, risk-taking, different level of proactivity, and competitive aggressiveness in relation to the gender of the entrepreneurs. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted among 220 small enterprises in Poland. The research showed a similar level of entrepreneurial orientation in the observed dimensions and the positive correlation between entrepreneurial orientation and the economic performance of enterprises in both studied groups.

An effort to increase competitiveness of an area creates the platform for applying environmental management. It is a market oriented development process covering various sectional interests with the aim of making an integrated concept for further development. The aim of this study is to evaluate potential risks of effectiveness of spatial impact of selected tools of environmental management on regional development and the creation of references to make this activity more effective. The research method comes from the principle of multilevel complex analysis of particular factors influencing the development of residential settlement. As the practice is not a practice of isolated or comparative management, but of the infiltration through various subsystems levels, based on their efficiency, we concluded that their functionality is insufficient.

1 Introduction

In recent decades, more and more international students, including paid and scholarship-funded students coming to study in Hungary, most of them are studying in higher education institutions. The experience of studying abroad has not only broadened foreign students' horizons, but also increased their entrepreneurial awareness to a certain extent, especially increased the number of foreign companies or businesses set up by foreign students to trade and cooperate with the host country. In this sense, they are moving forward to entrepreneurship. At the same time, entrepreneurial and sustainable education in universities also play a very important role in the development of international students' awareness. After graduation, some international students choose to stay and work in Hungary, while others choose to return to their home countries or work in other countries. The present study was conducted to understand whether overseas experience has sustainable influences on career development and employment choice of foreign students, testing whether their employment intentions have changed after studying in Hungary. Furthermore, whether international students' attributes have relationships with their employment intentions. In addition, it is necessary to explore the main reasons for choosing different employment intentions. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Paired Sample T-test and Crosstabulation were used in SPSS. The overall results show that the experience of studying abroad does have a sustainable impact on the employment intention of foreign students, but due to the different attributes of foreign students, the reasons, effects and degrees of the influence are different.

As there is a common opinion in literature that entrepreneurship can be taught, the role of education system in providing the knowledge and skills necessary for future entrepreneurs is undeniable. The growing need for entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and actions in both professional and private life becomes more imperative, and education plays an important role in creating an entrepreneurial society and business culture. The number of educational programs in entrepreneurship at all levels of education systematically grow worldwide. Entrepreneurship education should develop entrepreneurial individuals and aspiration by equipping people with the appropriate knowledge and skills to initiate and sustain enterprises. Entrepreneurship education has a positive impact on the development of the entrepreneurial spirit of youth, its intentions towards starting own business, higher employability and finally more significant role in society. Entrepreneurial intention initiates entrepreneurial actions. Entrepreneurial intention shows the objective of an individual to choose entrepreneurship as a professional career. Within organization, entrepreneurial intention are the basis for entrepreneurial orientation of the whole company. Entrepreneurial orientation can be described as a individual's natural inclination or attitude towards entrepreneurship. From this point of view, it can be developed and strengthen during the upbringing, especially within the educational system. It is analyzed within strategic management of enterprise. Creating entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviors brings benefits not only to individuals, but also translates into the economic results of enterprises, and in a broader perspective, contributes to the economic development of a given country. As the entrepreneurial orientation is a multi-dimensional construct of a complex nature, actions and attitudes should be studied and compared in relation to each dimension of the construct. Construct could be described as multidimensional when we are dealing with several separate but related dimensions, treated as one coherent theoretical concept. The dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation most often mentioned in the literature include: proactivity, organizational autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, internal innovation and risk taking. This paper is a research article in character. The main aim of the article is to investigate the correlation between entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial intentions of students, understood as a declaration of willingness to start their own business. The article presents the results of a survey among 250 students in Poland, conducted in the first quarter of 2021. Entrepreneurial attitudes of students were examined as elements of entrepreneurial orientation, and were assessed in 5-point Likert scale. To data analysis, the descriptive statistics were used, and Gamma correlation coefficient to analyze the correlation between non-parametric variables. The study confirmed a positive relationship between the potential for entrepreneurial orientation and the intentions to start a business.