Complex permanently sustainable area development is not possible without the application of effective developmental policy. It is necessary to supply the optimization of environmental, social, economic and spatial aspects of the area development, of which cumulative and synergistic effects and impacts are seen especially in spatial planning. The main task of the spatial planning is to create the conditions for the application of environmental management aiming to use the potential of the area for permanently sustainable development too. Environmental management is market-oriented, developmental, aim-oriented process covering various sectional interests, plans and strategies with the aim to make an integrated concept of permanently sustainable area development. The aim of the research was the assessment of potential risks within the implementation of selected environmental management instruments and their impact on permanently sustainable development of urban settlement as well as to develop the recommendations in order to make this action more effective. We used an examination of environmental management individual instruments' effectiveness to supply permanent sustainable area development in this process. Based on the analysis, we concluded that environmental management individual instruments are clearly overlapped with pursued aims, principles as well as in procedural and institutional aspects. By analyzing and evaluating their effectiveness, we concluded that their functionality is not sufficient.
Entrepreneurship education should develop entrepreneurial people and aspiration by equipping individuals with the appropriate knowledge and skills to initiate and sustain enterprises. The concept of entrepreneurial intention becomes an interesting question when analysing the efficiency of university education in EU countries. The main aim of this paper is to find out whether universities support entrepreneurial intentions toward sustainability by providing necessary knowledge and skills. The conclusions are based on the opinions of students collected by the surveys conducted at Polish, Czech, Hungarian and Slovak universities in 2018/2019. The general conclusion is that in all studied countries the support is expected by students, but it seems to be insufficient in the area of knowledge provided by the university.* This research was supported by the project, which has received funding from the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and of Slovak Academy of Sciences with title "Assessment changes in the qualitative structure of international economic relations under the influence of Industry 4.0 with implications for the EU and Slovak economic policies". Project registration number Reg. No. VEGA 1/0462/20.
Many research studies indicate differences in the activities of small enterprises run by female and male entrepreneurs. These differences also apply to shaping entrepreneurial orientation. The main aim of the paper is to identify the entrepreneurial orientation in dimensions of autonomy, innovation, risk-taking, different level of proactivity, and competitive aggressiveness in relation to the gender of the entrepreneurs. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted among 220 small enterprises in Poland. The research showed a similar level of entrepreneurial orientation in the observed dimensions and the positive correlation between entrepreneurial orientation and the economic performance of enterprises in both studied groups.
An effort to increase competitiveness of an area creates the platform for applying environmental management. It is a market oriented development process covering various sectional interests with the aim of making an integrated concept for further development. The aim of this study is to evaluate potential risks of effectiveness of spatial impact of selected tools of environmental management on regional development and the creation of references to make this activity more effective. The research method comes from the principle of multilevel complex analysis of particular factors influencing the development of residential settlement. As the practice is not a practice of isolated or comparative management, but of the infiltration through various subsystems levels, based on their efficiency, we concluded that their functionality is insufficient.
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