Physical health is not the only area affected by the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic. There are also other consequences that have globally affected many millions at other levels, namely: Societal, political, economic, and cultural. This study aims to survey alcohol drinking throughout the pandemic so as to investigate those factors considered most relevant; i.e., sociodemographic and clinical. A longitudinal study was designed. The first (or initial) stage was completed between April 10–20 2020 on 443 subjects during the enforcement of the “Lockdown” in Poland. The second stage will be due in June 2020. As well as an in-house questionnaire, the study used: The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and the Brief COPE Inventory (Mini COPE). Alcohol was the most commonly used psychoactive substance (73%) identified. More than 30% changed their drinking habits because of the pandemic, with 16% actually drinking less, whilst 14% did so more. The former group was significantly younger than the latter. Amongst the stress-related coping strategies, it was found that current alcohol drinkers were significantly less able to find anything positive about the pandemic situation (positive reframing) and were mentally less able to cope. Those drinking more now were found to have been drinking more intensively before the pandemic started.

The presented research aimed to identify the impacts of the second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on respondents’ mental health state and identify variables related to the respondents’ symptoms of anxiety and depression; 618 subjects participated in the research. A specially prepared survey and Polish adaptations of the following methods were used: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS 10), MINI-COPE Questionnaire (Brief COPE Inventory), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Scale of Death Anxiety (SDA), The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Over 24% of the respondents reported having experienced suicidal thoughts since the start of the pandemic. Almost 16% drank alcohol in a risky or harmful way. The average value of perceived stress indicated its high and very high intensity. Over 20% had symptoms of anxiety disorders, and almost 19% had anxiety and depression symptoms. It means that almost 40% of the respondents probably have mental disorders. More women, younger people, and those with disorders prior to the onset of the pandemic were among those who manifested these disorders. They also used passive and avoidance stress coping strategies more frequently. In conclusion, the second wave of the pandemic negatively affected the mental health of the respondents. A high percentage of the respondents manifested anxiety and anxiety-depressive disorders and declared having of suicidal thoughts.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the mental state of Poles in the first weeks of the SARS-COV-2 epidemic. Methods: In the study, the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-18), The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and Mini-Cope were used. Results: The study was conducted on a group of 443 individuals, including 348 women (78.6%) and 95 men (21.4%). There were more women (χ2 = 6.42, p = 0.02) in the group of people with high results in the GHQ-28 questionnaire and the differentiating factors between those with sten scores above 7 (significantly deteriorated mental health) and those with average or low results (sten score below 7) turned out to be: treatment for mental disorders before the pandemic (χ2 = 19.57, p < 0.001) and the use of psychotherapy during the pandemic (χ2 = 4.21, p = 0.04) and psychiatric pharmacotherapy (χ2 = 8.31, p = 0.01). The presence of suicidal thoughts since the appearance of the pandemic-related restraints and limitations significantly differentiates the compared groups (χ2 = 38.48, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Every fourth person in the examined group (over 26% of the respondents) recorded results that indicate a high probability of mental functioning disorders. Approximately 10% of the respondents signalled the occurrence of suicidal thoughts since the beginning of the pandemic. The respondents complain mainly about problems in everyday life, lack of satisfaction from one’s own activities, tension, trouble sleeping, and feelings of exhaustion. Individuals with significantly reduced mental well-being use non-adaptive coping strategies, such as denying problems, emotional discharge, taking substances, discontinuation of action, and blaming themselves for the situation. The risk factors for the deterioration of the mental state of the respondents during the pandemic include psychiatric treatment before the beginning of the pandemic, the presence of suicidal thoughts during forced isolation, and the use of non-adaptive coping strategies (denial of the existence of problems, emotional discharge, use of psychoactive substances, discontinuation of action, and blaming oneself for the situation).

The results obtained seem to confirm that personal resources play an important role in acceptance of chronic illness. Enhancement of optimism, and minimizing one's conviction that one's health depends on others could lead to higher acceptance of illness.

Cel pracyCelem przeprowadzonego badania była polska adaptacja Kwestionariusza Schematów Younga YSQ-S3-PL. Kwestionariusz jest metodą samoopisową, przeznaczoną do pomiaru 18 nieadaptacyjnych schematów.MetodaPrzebadano 1529 osób (927 kobiet i 585 mężczyzn) z populacji nieklinicznej. Wiek badanych mieścił się w przedziale 18-85 lat, średnia wieku wyniosła 32 lata.WynikiPo przeprowadzeniu walidacji językowej oceniono spójność wewnętrzną narzędzia. Alfa Cronbacha wyniosła od 0,62 (Roszczenia/wyższość) do 0,81 (Porażka), zaś dla wyniku ogólnego 0,96. Eksploracyjna analiza czynnikowa nie odtworzyła dokładnie 18-czynnikowej struktury zaproponowanej przez Younga. Najlepszym rozwiązaniem było 8 czynników ładowanych przez itemy spójne treściowo. Analiza konfirmacyjna również nie w pełni wsparła teoretyczny model Younga. Z kilku testowanych modeli najlepiej dopasowany do danych był model podwójnego czynnika (jeden czynnik wspólny i skorelowane czynniki specyficzne – schematy). Zgodnie z tym modelem wariancja schematów wyjaśniana jest jednocześnie przez czynnik wspólny i specyficzne. Czynnik wspólny najsilniej wyjaśnia wariancję schematu Ułomność, zaś najsłabiej – Samopoświęcenia. Analiza trafności konwergencyjnej wskazuje pozytywne, ale umiarkowane korelacje ze skalami mierzącymi psychopatologię, co jest zbieżne z teorią. Podobnie, negatywne korelacje z miarami dobrego samopoczucia potwierdzają trafność dywergencyjną.WnioskiPolska adaptacja kwestionariusza YSQ-S3 jest psychometrycznie podobna do innych wersji językowych i charakteryzuje się akceptowalną rzetelnością i trafnością teoretyczną. Wyniki pozwalają zarekomendować metodę do badań naukowych. Stosowanie w praktyce terapeutycznej wymaga ostrożności – w diagnozie klinicznej wyniki należy traktować jako wspierające a nie rozstrzygające. Potrzebne są dalsze badania dotyczące oceny trafności diagnostycznej.

backgroundThe maladaptive schemas theory assumes the creation of schemas as a result of relationships with parents during childhood. The aim of the study was to answer questions about the relations between dysfunctional parents' schemas and their parental attitudes and their children's schemas. participants and procedureEighty people participated in the study: 20 full families with grown children: a daughter and a son. The Questionnaire of Retrospective Assessment of Parental Attitudes (KPR-Roc) by Plopa and the Young Schema Questionnaire in its short form (YSQ-S3) were used. resultsThe results indicate that in the case of daughters the relationships between parental attitudes and schemas relate primarily to the perception of the mother's attitudes. The strongest positive relationship between maladaptive daughter's schemas were in relation to an excessively demanding attitude of the mother. There were no relations between the perception of the father's attitudes and schemas of daughters. In the case of boys there were less significant correlations for both the perception of the mother and father. With regard to the relationship between parents' schemas and children's schemas, such mothers' schemas as defectiveness, vulnerability to harm or illness and absolute severity and such fathers' schemas as defectiveness, entanglement and self-sacrifice showed especially strong links with daughters' schemas. The strongest relationships with sons' schemas occurred in relation to the mother's schema connected with pessimism and the father's vulnerability to harm.

The effects of the conducted adaptation works on the Penn Scale speak for recommending the method for scientific research and use in therapeutic practice.

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