S U M M A R YA unique field experiment was performed to constrain the seismic response of a large, potentially unstable rock slope in the southern Swiss Alps. Small-aperture seismic arrays were deployed to record ambient vibrations both inside and outside of the mapped instability boundary. The recordings were analysed by means of the high-resolution f-k method, site-to-reference spectral ratios and time-frequency dependent polarization analysis. All three methods indicated that the wavefield within the potentially unstable rock mass is dominated by normal mode motion (standing waves) rather than horizontal propagation of seismic waves. Both fundamental frequency and relative amplification could be recovered from ambient noise data. The observed amplification is strongly directional, and the maximum amplification is oriented perpendicular to open tension cracks mapped at the ground surface. Our results highlight site response characteristics relevant for analysis of earthquake-triggered rock slope failures.

S U M M A R YA field experiment with small aperture seismic arrays was performed on the unstable rock slope above the village of Randa in the southern Swiss Alps. The aim of this experiment was to constrain the seismic response of a potential future rockslide using ambient vibration recordings. Weak seismic events were identified on the recordings and site-to-reference spectral ratios were calculated using a reference site located on the stable part of the slope. Spectral ratios of up to 30 were observed at sites located within the unstable portion of the slope. A strong variation of spectral ratios with azimuth indicates a directional site effect. Neither amplification nor directionality were observed at sites located in the stable part of the slope. Furthermore, time-frequency polarization analysis of the ambient noise was performed to provide robust estimates of frequency dependent directions of the maximum polarization. It was found that the unstable part of the slope vibrates within a narrow range of directions (130 ± 10 • ) for the frequency range centred around 5 Hz. The polarization directions estimated from ambient seismic vibrations are in good agreement with the deformation directions obtained by geodetic and in situ measurements. No directionality of ambient vibrations was observed at sites within the stable part of the slope.

We analyse the ambient vibration response of Alpe di Roscioro (AdR), an incipient rock slope failure located above the village Preonzo in southern Switzerland. Following a major failure in May 2012 (volume ∼210 000 m 3 ), the remaining unstable rock mass (∼140 000 m 3 ) remains highly fractured and disrupted, and has been the subject of intensive monitoring. We deployed a small-aperture seismic array at the site shortly after the 2012 failure. The measured seismic response exhibited strong directional amplification (factors up to 35 at 3.5 Hz), higher than previously recorded on rock slopes. The dominant direction of ground motion was found to be parallel to the predominant direction of deformation and perpendicular to open fractures, reflecting subsurface structure of the slope. We then equipped the site with two semi-permanent seismic stations to monitor the seismic response with the goal of identifying changes caused by internal damage that may precede subsequent failure. Although failure has not yet occurred, our data reveal important variations in the seismic response. Amplification factors and resonant frequencies exhibit seasonal trends related (both directly and inversely) to temperature changes and are sensitive to freezing periods (resonant frequencies increase with temperature and during freezing). We attribute these effects to thermal expansion driving microcrack closure, in addition to ice formation, which increase fracture and bulk rock stiffness. We find the site response at AdR is linear over the measured range of weak input motions spanning two orders of magnitude. Our results further develop and refine ambient vibration methods used in rock slope hazard assessment.

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S U M M A R YThe sediments underlying the city of Lucerne (Switzerland) consisting of fluvio-lacustrine deposits of Quaternary age have the potential to produce strong amplification of the seismic wavefield. To obtain a reliable estimation of the deep soil structure, we combine different methodologies based on ambient noise recordings, such as single station horizontal to vertical ratios and three-component array analysis. Two novel techniques to estimate Rayleigh-wave ellipticity from ambient noise recordings are tested. These are based on a single-and a multistation approach, respectively. The first utilizes the continuous wavelet transform to perform a decomposition of the noise wavefield and to isolate and extract the Rayleigh-wave contribution. The second, conversely, relies on a high-resolution f -k method to achieve the same result. We compare the results from the two techniques to provide an evaluation of their capabilities and limitations. A two-step inversion scheme is then presented to improve resolution on the bedrock depth. In particular, the surface wave dispersion information is initially used to constrain the soft sediment part, while the Rayleigh-wave ellipticity peak is subsequently used for constraining the bedrock depth. It is shown that such an approach is beneficial to map the bedrock geometry over dense urban areas. The output velocity model is then used to compute the local seismic amplification by means of gridded 1-D approximation.

We have developed a new, fully automated tool for the centroid moment tensor (CMT) inversion in a Bayesian framework. It includes automated data retrieval, data selection where station components with various instrumental disturbances are rejected and full-waveform inversion in a space-time grid around a provided hypocentre. A data covariance matrix calculated from pre-event noise yields an automated weighting of the station recordings according to their noise levels and also serves as an automated frequency filter suppressing noisy frequency ranges. The method is tested on synthetic and observed data. It is applied on a data set from the Swiss seismic network and the results are compared with the existing high-quality MT catalogue. The software package programmed in Python is designed to be as versatile as possible in order to be applicable in various networks ranging from local to regional. The method can be applied either to the everyday network data flow, or to process large pre-existing earthquake catalogues and data sets.