Ialamic banking system have been establish more than 30 years ago around the world. However, until today it still facing a lot of obstacles especially in term of credit risk. Thus, the aims of this study is to examine the external (macroeconomic) and internal economic factors that influencing Islamic bank credit risk in ASEAN countries. By using 29 of Islamic banking data in ASEAN from years 2011 until 2018, panel data model was applied in this study. The results from the long run regression of FLOMS, DLOS and PMG suggest management efficiency (MGT) and capital ratio (CR) are the internal factors affects the credit risk of ASEAN Islamic bank. Economic growth, inflation and interest rates are external factors that also found could influencing the Islamic bank credit risk. More research ought to be carried out so that one can understand how credit risk is created in Islamic banking. The finding obtained will provide the further understanding of how Islamic banks should tackle the obstacles they face in order to manage their credit risk
Economic and financial crisis thwarts the process of global economic growth, development, integration, and efforts to promote a sustainable environment. The onset of the recent crisis aggravates the problem of inequality and more resources need to be channeled for economic recovery. This study attempts to examine the impact of income inequality on environmental pollution in a sample of an unbalanced panel of 120 countries which consist of 42 high-income, 35 upper-middle-income, and 43 lower-middle- and low-income countries. The sample period runs from 1985 to 2019. The empirical results are quantitatively robust to a different alternative of proxy. Results affirmed an inverted U-shaped relationship between income inequality and environmental pollution for lower-middle- and low-income countries. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is present in the case of upper-middle, lower-middle- and low-income countries but not for high-income countries. The policy implication based on these findings is policies must be coordinated to cushion the impact of income inequality to enable more allocation for environmental protection such as measures to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Despite the crisis and economic slowdown, countries should take the opportunity to review their recovery plans by incorporating environmental concerns.
Rice is a staple food for countries particularly in Asia, including Malaysia, hence arise concern on its supply. Thus, this study aims to investigate the causal relationship between the incentives (fertiliser subsidy and minimum price guarantee) given and paddy production in Kedah, the rice bowl of Malaysia. A time-series data ranging from the 1996 main season to the main season in 2018 (1996H1 to 2018H1) employed. Using ARDL and Granger approaches, the result shows that any disequilibrium in paddy production is regulated to accomplish the convergence faster. In the short-run, fertiliser subsidy and paddy prices are not significant in the MADA regions. The results of the analysis show that there are various causes of the long-run in the production of rice with subsidized steel and rice prices related to rice yield. The outcome of this study demonstrates the presence of long-run causality between paddy production with fertiliser subsidy and paddy price with respect to paddy yield. Therefore, to boost the paddy yield, the government should increase the number of subsidies, and control the paddy price to prevent it from falling below the market price. Therefore, future research should investigate the causal relationship between fertiliser and paddy price subsidy to the different types of paddy seeds planted. Contribution/ OriginalityThis study significantly contributes to the growing evidence of the relationship between government incentive schemes to paddy production in Malaysia. The research explored how fertiliser subsidy and minimum price guarantee contributed to paddy yield. The evidence provided in this study demonstrates that the presence of long-run causality between paddy production of fertiliser subsidy minimum price guarantee.
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