We report on two JISC-funded projects that aimed to enrich the metadata of digitized historical collections with georeferences and other information automatically computed using geoparsing and related information extraction technologies. Understanding location is a critical part of any historical research, and the nature of the collections makes them an interesting case study for testing automated methodologies for extracting content. The two projects (GeoDigRef and Embedding GeoCrossWalk) have looked at how automatic georeferencing of resources might be useful in developing improved geographical search capacities across collections. In this paper, we describe the work that was undertaken to configure the geoparser for the collections as well as the evaluations that were performed.

However, the reason for this may be that almost all the lesions were distal and the distance to be covered by the outgrowing axons was therefore not great. Secondary suture should be undertaken as soon as the primary wound has healed and the tissues are free from induration. Primary suture proved an unreliable operation, although some good results were seen. There are important technical reasons why secondary suture is more satisfactory. If, as is often the case, there has been intraneural damage it is much easier to recognize it some weeks after the injury than at the time, because it reveals itself as a palpable and, on section, visible zone of intraneural fibrosis. The resection can be planned accordingly. Furthermore, the epineurium becomes thickened after the injury, and after a few weeks is an ideal structure for holding fine sutures. Most of the repairs reported were secondary.Where there is associated damage to tendons it is best to repair them at the time of injury and simply to approximate the severed nerves. When mobilization of the digits is well advanced secondary suture of the nerves is performed without disturbance of the tendons, which, at the wrist, lie on a deeper plane, and continued movement of the fingers has no adverse effect on the nerve suture. REPERENCESBrooks. D. M (1Q55).

Evidence based medicine tells us that we should not accept published research at face value. Even research from established teams published in the highest impact journals can have methodological flaws, biases and limited generalisability. The critical appraisal of research studies can seem daunting, but tools are available to make the process easier for the non-specialist. Understanding the language and process of quality assessment is essential when considering or conducting research, and is also valuable for all clinicians who use published research to inform their clinical practice.We present a review written specifically for the practising geriatrician. This considers how quality is defined in relation to the methodological conduct and reporting of research. Having established why quality assessment is important, we present and critique tools which are available to standardise quality assessment. We consider five study designs: RCTs, non-randomised studies, observational studies, systematic reviews and diagnostic test accuracy studies. Quality assessment for each of these study designs is illustrated with an example of published cognitive research. The practical applications of the tools are highlighted, with guidance on their strengths and limitations. We signpost educational resources and offer specific advice for use of these tools.We hope that all geriatricians become comfortable with critical appraisal of published research and that use of the tools described in this review – along with awareness of their strengths and limitations – become a part of teaching, journal clubs and practice.

SUMMARY The effects of omeprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, on gastric acid and pepsin secretion have been studied in twelve healthy subjects. From six to eight hours after a single oral dose of 30 mg, there was a 66% reduction in basal acid output, and a 71*2% reduction in pentagastrin stimulated acid output. A single dose of 60 mg produced a 91.7% reduction in basal acid output and a 95-3% reduction in pentagastrin stimulated acid output. After seven days treatment with 30 or 60 mg daily, there was almost 100% inhibition of both basal and pentagastrin stimulated acid output. Omeprazole did not significantly affect pepsin secretion which is in keeping with its proposed mode of action, as an inhibitor of the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme on the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. There were no side effects after omeprazole either with single or repeated dosing.The substituted benzimidazoles are new agents which are potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. They act by selective, non-competitive inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme in the parietal cell.' This enzyme is the active transport mechanism for hydrogen ion secretion in the stomach. Although one of these agents, omeprazole, has been shown to suppress basal and pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion after a single dose,2 little is known about its effects after repeated dosing. In addition, previous studies have used a buffered suspension of the drug2 as it is partially inactivated by gastric acid, or have looked at its acid inhibitory effect 24 hours after a dose.3We have studied the effects of two different doses of omeprazole on basal and pentagastrin stimulated acid and pepsin secretion after a single dose and after seven days of treatment. Capsules of entericcoated omeprazole granules were used, and the effects studied around the time of expected maximum acid inhibition. Methods SUBJECTSTwelve healthy male subjects, mean age 25-2 years

In this paper we describe a georeferencing system which first uses Information Extraction techniques to identify place names in textual documents and which then resolves the place names against a choice of gazetteers. We have used the system to georeference three digitised historical collections and have evaluated its performance against human annotated gold standard samples from the three collections. We have also evaluated its performance on the SpatialML corpus which is a geo-annotated corpus of newspaper text. The main focus of this paper is the evaluation of georesolution and we discuss evaluation methods and issues arising from the evaluation.

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Studies into the output of R&D generally take a qualitative view of case histories and do not provide a quantitative template for the analysis of 'cause and effect' suited to investment management. This study describes the development of a quantitative model of the relationship between defence R&D and equipment capability. Using open source data, the military equipment quality of 10 nations has been evaluated from 1971 to 2005 and time-dependent correlation with R&D investment back to 1951 analysed. We find that the nations studied 'got what they paid for', with their R&D expenditure positively correlated with equipment capability. The observed variability in equipment quality was most highly correlated with R&D spend 10-25 years earlier.Defence R&D, Military equipment quality,