Mitragyna is a genus belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is a plant endemic to Asia and Africa. Traditionally, the plants of this genus were used by local people to treat some diseases from generation to generation. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is a controversial plant from this genus, known under the trading name “kratom”, and contains more than 40 different types of alkaloids. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine have agonist morphine-like effects on opioid receptors. Globally, Mitragyna plants have high economic value. However, regulations regarding the circulation and use of these commodities vary in several countries around the world. This review article aims to comprehensively examine Mitragyna plants (mainly M. speciosa) as potential pharmacological agents by looking at various aspects of the plants. A literature search was performed and information collected using electronic databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, directory open access journal (DOAJ), and Google Scholar in early 2020 to mid-2021. This narrative review highlights some aspects of this genus, including historical background and botanical origins, habitat, cultivation, its use in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, abuse and addiction, legal issues, and the potential of Mitragyna species as pharmaceutical products.
Skizofrenia merupakan penyakit gangguan otak parah di mana orang menginterpretasikan realitas secara abnormal gangguan pikiran berupa halusinasi, delusi, dan perilaku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis Skizofrenia yang banyak dialami pasien dan keterkaitan jenis Skizofrenia dengan pemberian obat terhadap pasien Skizofrenia di instansi rawat inap Rumah Sakit Jiwa Daerah Atma Husada Mahakam Samarinda. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional dengan teknik pengambilan data secara prospektif. Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah Total sampling dirawat inap diRSJD Atma Husada Mahakam Samarinda. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif pada bagian catatan rekam medik. Pengambilan data dilakukan dirawat inap di RSJD Atma Husada Mahakam Samarinda periode agustus-oktober 2018. Hasil penelitian didapatkan pola pengobatan pada pasien Skizofrenia tak terinci lebih banyak diberikan Risperidone pada terapi tunggal dan kombinasi Risperidone + Clozapine yang banyak diberikan. Skizofrenia hebefrenik antipsikotik yang banyak diberikan adalah Haloperidol pada terapi tunggal. Skizofrenia paranoid lebih banyak diberikan Haloperidol pada terapi tunggal, dan Risperidone + Clozapine pada terapi kombinasi. Skizofrenia simpleks terapi yang diberikan adalah Clozapine, dan pada Skizofrenia yang tak tergolongkan terapi yang diberikan adalah Haloperidol dan Chlorpromazine.
Plants that have good antioxidant activity could potentially be used as a sunscreen. Miana leaves (Coleus atropurpureus L. Benth.) has good antioxidant activity. In vitro sunscreen activity ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of miana leaf using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 290-375 nm. The best sunscreen category of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of miana leaves is a sunblock category with each concentration are 200 ppm and 100 ppm.
Objectives Both pyridine and pyrano derivatives have been previously shown to possess biologically relevant activity. In this study, we report the incorporation of these two scaffolds into one molecule. Methods The designed 3,3-dimethyl-6-oxopyrano[3,4-c]pyridines were synthesized by the acylation of enamine under Stork conditions followed by condensation of formed β-diketones with 2-cyanoacetamide. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by using a wide spectrum of physico-chemical methods. Their antiplatelet, anticoagulant and vasodilatory activity together with toxicity were evaluated. Key findings A series of 6-oxopyrano[3,4-c]pyridines 3a–j was obtained. Four of these compounds were reported for the first time. None of the tested compounds demonstrated anticoagulant effect but 8-methyl derivative (3a) was a potent antiplatelet compound with IC50 numerically twice as low as the clinically used acetylsalicylic acid. A series of further mechanistic tests showed that 3a interferes with calcium signaling. The compound is also not toxic and in addition possesses vasodilatory activity as well. Conclusions Compound 3a is a promising inhibitor of platelet aggregation, whose mechanism of action should be studied in detail.
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