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Behavioral literature is examined tor information that could clarify the manner in which rodent behavior is mediated by olfaction. Functional use of olfaction is readily apparent in some of the behaviors reviewed, for example, bait shyness, olfactorally modulated aggression, olfactory marking of and recognition of stressful environments, and inhibition of food seeking by odors generated from frustration. Other behaviors are reviewed in which olfaction is thought to play an important, though yet undelineated role, for example, differences in approach preference based on sexual dimensions. Still other olfactory-associated behaviors are reviewed which meet current standards of inferential significance yet lack any apparent function for the animal. It is concluded that a coherent understanding of the functional use of olfaction by rodents awaits a shift in the philosophy of research away from rigorous examination of loosely selected odorants and behavioral measures toward rigorous examination of normal behaviors in natural social contexts.

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Comparisons between volunteer telephone counselors and nonvolunteer college students were made on several psychological tests: the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, the Personal Orientation Inventory, and the Self-Disclosure Questionnaire. The results show no differences between the groups on their self-concept except in their moral-ethical perceptions of themselves. The groups did differ on the other measures. They showed a pattern of responding in the Personal Orientation Inventory suggesting that they were more selfactualizing than the college group, and they indicated a greater degree of openness on the Self-Disclosure Questionnaire. The results suggest that the volunteers are altruistic in their motivation to work in this capacity and serve as important role models for their clients.