Data regarding the incidence, etiology and outcome of bloodstream infections taken on a broad European basis is scarce. We collected such information (ESGNI-001 and ESGNI-002 studies) and compared the situation in EU and non-EU European countries.A total of 122 hospitals from 28 countries participated in one or both studies. The global rate of blood cultures per 1,000 admissions was 242.4, being significantly higher among EU countries (255.9) than in non-EU countries (192.8). Globally, 14.4% of all blood extractions grew one or more microorganisms. The rate of positivity was significantly greater in non-EU countries (19.1%) than in EU countries (13.4%) (p

Mexico is recognized as a country with a high prevalence of gastroschisis, although the cause of this remains unclear. We define the prevalence and potential risk factors for gastroschisis in a public hospital from west México. A casecontrol study was conducted among 270 newborns, including 90 patients with nonsyndromic gastroschisis (cases) and 180 infants without birth defects (controls), born all during the period 2009 to 2013 at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca" (Guadalajara, Mexico), from a total of 51 145 live births. Potential maternal risk factors for gastroschisis were compared using multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the deviance explained by different variables of interest. The overall prevalence of gastroschisis in live births was 17.6 per 10 000 births (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.0-21.2), whereas in offspring of women ≤19 years old was 29.9 per 10 000 births (95% CI 21.9-38.0). Mothers ≤19 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.8: 95% CI 1.5-5.1), anemia during pregnancy (aOR 10.7; 95% CI 2.0-56.9), first-trimester exposure to hormonal contraceptives (aOR 3.7; 95% CI 1.0-13.0), and first-trimester alcohol consumption (aOR 3.4; 95% CI 1.6-7.3), were associated with gastroschisis. Contrarily, adjusted OR for pre-pregnancy body mass index ≥25 kg/m 2 has protective odds (aOR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.5). Our results suggest an increased risk for gastroschisis among mothers under the age of 20, with anemia during pregnancy, and those who used hormonal contraceptives or consumed alcohol during early pregnancy, whereas, pre-pregnancy overweight has a protective OR, and they are discussed as clues in its pathogenesis.

We determined the overall prevalence of typical orofacial clefts and the potential risks for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a university hospital from West México. For the prevalence, 227 liveborn infants with typical orofacial clefts were included from a total of 81,193 births occurred during the period 2009-2016 at the "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca" Civil Hospital of Guadalajara (Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico). To evaluate potential risks, a case-control study was conducted among 420 newborns, including only those 105 patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (cases), and 315 infants without birth defects (controls). Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis expressed as adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals . The overall prevalence for typical orofacial clefts was 28 per 10,000 (95% confidence interval: 24.3-31.6), or 1 per 358 live births. The mean values for the prepregnancy weight, antepartum weight, and pre-pregnancy body mass index were statistically higher among the mothers of cases. Infants with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate had a significantly higher risk for previous history of any type of congenital anomaly (adjusted odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.4-5.1), history of a relative with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (adjusted odds ratio: 19.6; 95% confidence interval: 8.2-47.1), and first-trimester exposures to progestogens (adjusted odds ratio: 6.8; 95% CI 1.8-25.3), hyperthermia (adjusted odds ratio: 3.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-10.6), and common cold (adjusted odds ratio: 3.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-11.9). These risks could have contributed to explain the high prevalence of orofacial clefts in our region of Mexico, emphasizing that except for history of relatives with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, most are susceptible of modification.

In our study, we were unable to find protective factors in a rural environment that might decrease the prevalence of asthma or allergic diseases.

Diarrhea commonly affects international travelers. Episodes are usually short-lasting, but in some patients, symptoms may persist. Clostridium difficile infection should be excluded in travelers with prolonged disease. We report what is, to our knowledge, the first reported study of patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhea after receipt of antibiotic treatment for traveler's diarrhea.

In addition to strategies of maximum caution when placing or manipulating the catheter, we recommend decreasing, as much as possible, disconnects between the CVC and infusion line. Antibiotics showed a protective effect, but the outcome is uncertain and promotion of antimicrobial resistance should be considered.

We determine the prevalence and trends of open neural tube defects (ONTDs) during 1991 to 2019 at the “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara (Mexico). Also, details of potential risks were obtained in 662 newborns, including those 143 patients with anencephaly and open spina bifida (OSB) classified as isolated (cases) and 519 controls. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Among 267 201 live births during the study period, 336 were born with ONTDs, yielding an overall prevalence of 12.6 per 10 000. After folic acid (FA)‐related programs began in Mexico (2003‐2019), only OSB showed a decline of 20.6%. For anencephaly, associated risks included relatives with neural tube defects (NTDs) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 67.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 11.3‐409.8), pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (aOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1‐6.0), insufficient gestational weight gain (aOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.3‐7.1), parity ≥4 (aOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.3‐7.7), and exposure to analgesic/antipyretic drugs (aOR: 9.0; 95% CI: 2.5‐33.0). For OSB, associated risks included consanguinity (aOR: 14.0, 95% CI: 3.5‐55.9), relatives with NTDs (aOR: 22.4, 95% CI: 4.5‐112.9), BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (aOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.6‐4.2), insufficient gestational weight gain (aOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1‐3.1), and exposures to hyperthermia (aOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2‐4.3), common cold (aOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 3.6‐12.7), and analgesic/antipyretic drugs (aOR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.3‐10.0). Our high rate probably results from exposures to preventable risks, most related to FA, indicating a need for strengthening existing FA‐related programs in Mexico.

Objective To assess whether automated office blood pressure (BP) (AOBP) measurement is a better method for measuring BP in the office than conventional techniques and an alternative to out-of-office BP measurements: home-self BP (HSBP) or ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 74 patients and compared AOBP with the conventional technique using a mercury sphygmomanometer and with both out-to-office BP measurements: HSBP of 7 days (three measurements in the morning, afternoon, and night) and daytime ABPM. In addition, we compared BP values obtained using HSBP and ABPM to determine their level of agreement. We used ANOVA to compare means, Bland–Altman, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for concordance. Results BP values obtained by the two office methods were similar: conventional 147.2/85.0 mmHg and AOBP 146.0/85.5 mmHg (P > 0.05) with good agreement (ICC 0.85). The mean SBP differences between AOBP and HSBP (P < 0.001) and between AOBP and ABPM (P < 0.001) were 8.6/13.0 mmHg with limits of agreement of −21.2 to 38.5 and −18.4 to 44.3 mmHg, respectively. The average SBP values obtained by HSBP were 4.3 mmHg higher than those obtained by ABPM (P < 0.01). Conclusion Our study showed good agreement and concordance between the two office methods as well between the two out-to-office methods, although there was a significant difference in the mean SBP between the HSBP and ABPM. Moreover, AOBP was not comparable to either HSBP or ABPM; therefore, the estimation of out-to-office BP using AOBP is not supported.